Sinkhole Attack Defense Strategy Integrating SPA and Jaya Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks.

A sinkhole attack is characterized by low difficulty to launch, high destructive power, and difficulty to detect and defend. It is a common attack mode for wireless sensor networks. This paper proposes a sinkhole attack detection and defense strategy integrating SPA and Jaya algorithms in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Then, combined with the SPA trust model, the trust values of suspicious nodes were calculated, and the attack nodes were detected. The Jaya algorithm was adopted to avoid the attacked area so that nodes can find the route to communicate with the real Sink, and attack nodes are isolated in the network to improve the capabilities of network directional defense. The simulation results show that the improved detection algorithm can effectively detect malicious nodes in the network, and the defense strategy implemented in the attacked area can improve the packet delivery rate, reduce network delay and energy consumption, and improve the security and reliability of wireless sensor networks.

Evaluation and prediction of water-energy-carbon nexus efficiency in China based on a new multiregional input-output perspective.

Water, energy and carbon are three basic environmental factors that affect countries. An in-depth study of the water-energy-carbon (WEC) nexus is of great significance for realizing regional sustainable development. However, at present, research on the evaluation and prediction of large-scale WEC nexus based on multiple perspectives is not sufficiently mature, especially the prediction of WEC nexus efficiency. This study evaluates and predicts the WEC nexus efficiency in 30 regions of China based on a new comprehensive perspective. The WEC efficiency and the slack variables of 30 regions from 2006 to 2020 were calculated by using the slack-based measure model. The 30 regions were divided into 4 efficiency groups using hierarchical cluster analysis. Efficiency trends in 2006-2020 were analyzed for specific regions. The coupling interaction between the WEC nexus is studied based on the perspective of the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree. More importantly, this study is the first to quantitatively predict the WEC efficiency of 30 regions in China from 2021 to 2030, using the rank set pair analysis model. The following results were obtained in this paper. The WEC efficiency has a slow decreasing trend in 2006-2020. A total of 16.7% and 33.3% of the regions are in the extreme and high coupling coordination stages, respectively, and are mainly concentrated in the northern and southeastern parts of China. Fifty percent of the regions have moderate coupling coordination, mainly concentrated in the central and southern regions. From 2021 to 2030, the WEC efficiency of Beijing, Tianjin and Qinghai will remain at a high level; the WEC efficiency of Shandong and other regions will remain at a low level; and 70% of the regions' water efficiency will remain low. This paper has important guiding significance for promoting the regional WEC nexus balance and sustainable development of the economy, society and environment. According to the characteristics of the four efficiency groups, some valuable suggestions on regional sustainable development are proposed.

An integrated interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy technique for resumption risk assessment amid COVID-19 prevention.

Currently, China has achieved a remarkable achievement on the containment of COVID-19, which creates a favorable condition for the gradual resumption of normal life. However, COVID-19 infections continue to rise in many nations and some sporadic cases occur from time to time in China, which still poses some risks to the resumption. Hence, it is imperative to develop some reasonable techniques to assess the resumption risk. This paper aims to investigate an integrated interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (IVIF) technique to adroitly assess the resumption risk based on DEMATEL (decision making trial and evaluation laboratory), BWM (best-worst method) and SPA (set pair analysis). This integrated technique is called IVIF-DBWM-SPA, where the IVIF-DBWM (combined by the IVIF-DEMATEL and IVIF-BWM) is used to determine the global criteria weights and the IVIF-SPA is employed to generate the ranking order of the alternatives. The IVIF-DEMATEL and IVIF-BWM are used to determine the weights of dimensions and the weights of criteria under each dimension, respectively. In this IVIF-BWM, two bi-objective programming models are constructed by regarding experts' pessimistic and optimistic attitudes, respectively. Combined experts' intrapersonal and interpersonal uncertainties simultaneously, a bi-objective programming model is proposed to derive the dynamic weights of experts. Based on the determined weights of experts and criteria, an IVIF-SPA is developed to assess the risk levels of all alternatives. The validity of the proposed technique is demonstrated with a real case of college resumption risk assessment amid COVID-19. Some sensitivity and comparison analyses are provided to show the merits of the proposed technique.

Classification analysis of blue and green water quantities for a large-scale watershed of southwest China.

Traditional blue water resources assessment and management may not meet the needs of sustainable water resource utilization; ignoring the number of green water resources will underestimate the availability of water resources. To rationally allocate and scientifically manage the limited water resources, it is necessary to divide the rich and poor flow situation of blue water and green water. The MIKE SHE-MIKE HYDRO integrated coupled model was selected and used in the Yalong River basin to ascertain the blue and green water in the hydrological cycle. The model was calibrated by matching simulated discharge against observed streamflow discharge at the Tongziling Station. At the same time, the research analyzed the component of green water and the total amount of blue water or green water on a temporal scale. The set pair analysis (SPA) was introduced to classify blue water and green water, which can not only understand the amount and distribution characteristics of water resources in the Yalong River Basin but also rationally allocate the total of water resources in the basin from the perspective of the regional water cycle. Furthermore, according to the situation of blue water and green water in the basin, the related policies are formulated to realize the efficient utilization of water resources in the Yalong River basin.

Social-ecological system resilience of debris flow alluvial fans in the Awang basin, China.

Debris flow alluvial fans (DFAFs) are vulnerable, although they can be used as a natural resource. The relationships between different factors related to DFAF systems and between these factors and systems are important both for identifying the risks and opportunities presented by DFAFs and for tracking system status. In this regard, resilience may be used to characterize the status of a DFAF. This study aimed to explore the processes and mechanisms of interactions among the social, economic, and ecological factors related to DFAF with respect to resilience, and to discuss potential problems in a representative DFAF. Based on the site condition and characteristics of the Awang DFAF (China) in the period 1996-2017, we formed a comprehensive indicator evaluation framework by analyzing disturbance, function, and feedback. We also established a model for evaluating resilience by integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) - an entropy evaluation method (EEM) and set pair analysis (SPA). The results showed that the system of the studied DFAF was dynamically stable. The domination of the ecological system was subsequently superseded by social and economic resilience. While disturbance had direct and immediate effects, coping ability was cumulative and characterized by hysteresis at a particular response time. Overall, resilience fluctuated within an acceptable range rather than linearly increasing or decreasing. This analysis illuminated the dynamic processes of DFAFs and contributed to the understanding and planning of system trade-offs and degraded-land utilization.

Classification of water quality in low-lying area in Vietnamese Mekong delta using set pair analysis method and Vietnamese water quality index.

A rational water quality assessment program directly affects a success of a national socio-economic development strategy. This study was aimed to evaluate and classify surface water quality in Dong Thap province, Vietnam, using set pair analysis (SPA) and national water quality index (WQI_VN) methods. The water quality data was collected at 58 locations in 2019 by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Dong Thap province. Sixteen variables including temperature (°C), pH, turbidity (NTU), dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/L), biological oxygen demand (BOD, mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD, mg/L), total suspended solids (TSS, mg/L), ammonia (N-NH4+, mg/L), nitrite (N-NO2-), nitrate (N-NO3-, mg/L), total nitrogen (TN, mg/L), orthophosphate (P-PO43-, mg/L), chloride (Cl-, mg/L), sulfate (SO42-, mg/L), coliform (MPN/100 mL), and Escherichia coli (MPN/100 mL) were monitored four times a year (58 water samples × 16 parameters × 4 monitoring times). The findings presented that TSS, BOD, COD, N-NH4+, N-NO2-, P-PO43-, coliform, and E. coli were the main constraints on water quality. The results of the entropy weight calculation indicated that deteriorated water quality was in the order of microbiological > nutrients > organic matters. Surface water quality was evaluated at medium (level III) and poor (level IV) by SPA and WQI_VN, respectively; however, the combination of SPA and entropy weight was considered more efficient in this classification and a positive spatial autocorrelation was also found through Moran's I. The spatial distribution of water quality based on SPA classification revealed that better water quality was found in the inner parts of the study area. Due to its ease and effectiveness, set pair analysis should be considered for inclusion in the water quality assessment program of Vietnam.

A hybrid wavelet de-noising and Rank-Set Pair Analysis approach for forecasting hydro-meteorological time series.

Accurate, fast forecasting of hydro-meteorological time series is presently a major challenge in drought and flood mitigation. This paper proposes a hybrid approach, wavelet de-noising (WD) and Rank-Set Pair Analysis (RSPA), that takes full advantage of a combination of the two approaches to improve forecasts of hydro-meteorological time series. WD allows decomposition and reconstruction of a time series by the wavelet transform, and hence separation of the noise from the original series. RSPA, a more reliable and efficient version of Set Pair Analysis, is integrated with WD to form the hybrid WD-RSPA approach. Two types of hydro-meteorological data sets with different characteristics and different levels of human influences at some representative stations are used to illustrate the WD-RSPA approach. The approach is also compared to three other generic methods: the conventional Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) method, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) (BP-error Back Propagation, MLP-Multilayer Perceptron and RBF-Radial Basis Function), and RSPA alone. Nine error metrics are used to evaluate the model performance. Compared to three other generic methods, the results generated by WD-REPA model presented invariably smaller error measures which means the forecasting capability of the WD-REPA model is better than other models. The results show that WD-RSPA is accurate, feasible, and effective. In particular, WD-RSPA is found to be the best among the various generic methods compared in this paper, even when the extreme events are included within a time series.

Water Resources Carrying Capacity Evaluation and Diagnosis Based on Set Pair Analysis and Improved the Entropy Weight Method.

To quantitatively evaluate and diagnose the carrying capacity of regional water resources under uncertain conditions, an index system and corresponding grade criteria were constructed from the perspective of carrying subsystem. Meanwhile, an improved entropy weight method was used to determine the objective weight of the index. Then, an evaluation model was built by applying set pair analysis, and a set pair potential based on subtraction was proposed to identify the carrying vulnerability factors. Finally, an empirical study was carried out in Anhui Province. The results showed that the consistency among objective weights of each index was considered, and the uncertainty between the index and grade criterion was reasonably dealt with. Furthermore, although the carrying situation in Anhui was severe, the development tended to be improved. The status in Southern Anhui was superior to that in the middle area, and that in the northern part was relatively grim. In addition, for Northern Anhui, the fewer water resources chiefly caused its long-term overloaded status. The improvement of capacity in the middle area was mainly hindered by its deficient ecological water consumption and limited water-saving irrigation area. Moreover, the long-term loadable condition in the southern part was due largely to its relatively abundant water resources and small population size. This evaluation and diagnosis method can be widely applied to carrying issues in other resources and environment fields.

Risk assessment of crane operation hazards using modified FMEA approach with Z-number and set pair analysis.

In view of two key deficiencies of failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) in crane operation hazard risk assessment-information loss and hazard grade lack, a crane operation hazard risk assessment model based on the Z-number and set pair analysis (Z-SPA) is proposed. In this research, the Z-number is used to address the information uncertainty. To reduce the risk losing evaluation information in the conversion of the Z-number into a crisp number, it is translated into an interval number. In this assessment model, the grades of crane operation hazards are determined using grade discrimination rules and a score function of a connection number based on set pair analysis. Two case studies are presented to exemplify the effectiveness of the approach. The first case validates the proposed method, and the second case illustrates the application of the modified FMEA to crane operation hazard risk analysis. Furthermore, the assessment results are analyzed and compared with previous studies to highlight the superiority of the proposed model.

Research on coal mining intensity based on the DPSIR-SPA model.

High-intensity mining has become a major trend in future coal mining. However, it will unavoidably worsen the harm done to the natural environment of mining sites by coal mining, which is already prone to doing so. So, how may coal mining intensity (CMI) be decreased? Minimize the harm that coal mining causes to the environment and offer a theoretical basis for protecting the environment in mining sites. In order to achieve this, based on the existing literature on CMI, we first redefine the concept of CMI, analyze its influencing factors, propose an evaluation index system, and introduce the theory of set pair analysis (SPA) to build a quantitative evaluation model of CMI. We then propose an adjustment strategy for the CMI and conduct a verification analysis using the Halagou Coal Mine and Caojiatan Coal Mine as an example. The results show that the Halagou and Caojiatan Coal Mine belong to the higher-intensity mining stage. It is consistent with existing research. Moreover, the development trend of CMI in the Halagou Coal Mine is analyzed in conjunction with the set pair potential theory, and specific measures to reduce CMI are given, from the perspective of coal mining. It provides the basis for the source protection of the ecological environment in the mining area. Theoretically, this study can help both the quantitative assessment of mining intensity and the source protection of the mining ecological environment. Besides, it offers specific guidelines for building environmentally friendly mines.

An integrated risk assessment framework using information theory-based coupling methods for basin-scale water quality management: A case study in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Basin, China.

As the second largest reservoir in China, the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR) serves as the water source of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China (MRSNWDPC), i.e., the currently longest (1273 km) inter-basin water diversion project in the world, for more than eight years. The water quality status of the DJKR basin has been receiving worldwide attention because it is related to the health and safety of >100 million people and the integrity of an ecosystem covering >92,500 km2. In this study, basin-scale water quality sampling campaigns were conducted monthly at 47 monitoring sites in river systems of the DJKRB from the year 2020 to 2022, covering nine water quality indicators, i.e., water temperature (WT), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), permanganate index (CODMn), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and fluoride (F-). The water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical techniques were introduced to comprehensively evaluate water quality status and understand the corresponding driving factors of water quality variations. An integrated risk assessment framework simultaneously considered intra and inter-regional factors using information theory-based and the SPA (Set-Pair Analysis) methods were proposed for basin-scale water quality management. The results showed that the water quality of the DJKR and its tributaries stably maintained a "good" status, with all the average WQIs >60 of river systems during the monitoring period. The spatial variations of all WQIs in the basin showed significantly different (Kruskal-Wallis tests, P < 0.01), while no seasonal differences were found. The increase in built-up land use and agricultural water consumption revealed the highest contributions (Mantel's r > 0.5, P < 0.05) to the rise of nutrient loadings of all river systems, showing the intensive anthropogenic activities can eclipse the power of natural processes on water quality variations to some extent. The risks of specific sub-basins that may cause water quality degradation on the MRSNWDPC were effectively quantified and identified into five classifications based on transfer entropy and the SPA methods. This study provides an informative risk assessment framework that was relatively easy to be applied by professionals and non-experts for basin-scale water quality management, thus providing a valuable and reliable reference for the administrative department to conduct effective pollution control in the future.

Evaluation of industrial green development based on set pair analysis.

Industrial green development is an important part of the global sustainable development goals, and it is the only way for China to achieve the "dual carbon goals". This paper aims to explore the methods and indicators for the assessment of the level of industrial green development, and emphasizes its applicability in the "city area" scale. According to the characteristics of industrial green development, an evaluation system including 4 first-level indicators of economic benefits and structure, technological innovation and investment, environmental impact and governance, resource consumption and reuse, and a total of 16 s-level indicators were established, each indicator was determined using the entropy value theory The weight value is based on the conditions of 15 sub-provincial cities across the country to determine the standard value of each indicator. Through the set pair analysis of the five-element connection number and partial connection number, the comprehensive connection degree and the full partial connection number are obtained, so as to evaluate the level of industrial green development in Chengdu static evaluation and dynamic analysis. The results show that the constructed index system and evaluation method are applicable to the evaluation of industrial green development at the "city" scale. The current status of Chengdu's industrial green development is at a qualified level, and the industrial process will have a more active and green development trend in the future. The government management department should formulate appropriate management policies and strengthen comprehensive evaluation and research, so as to take the green industrial development process of Chengdu to a new level.

Interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method based on the set pair analysis theory and Choquet integral.

This paper proposes a novel fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method based on an improved score function of connection numbers and Choquet integral under interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy environment. To do so, we first introduce a method to convert interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy numbers into connection numbers based on the set pair analysis theory. Then an improved score function of connection numbers is proposed to make the ranking order of connection numbers more in line with reality in multi-criteria decision-making process. In addition, some properties of the proposed score function of connection numbers and some examples have been given to illustrate the advantages of conversion method proposed in the paper. Then, considering interactions among different criteria, we propose a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach based on set pair analysis and Choquet integral under interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy environment. Finally, a case of online learning satisfaction survey and a brief comparative analysis with other existing approaches are studied to show that the proposed method is simple,convenient and easy to implement. Comparing with previous studies, the method in this paper, from a new perspective, effectively deals with multi-criteria decision-making problems that the alternatives cannot be reasonably ranked in the decision-making process under interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy environment.

A safety assessment model of filling mining based on comprehensive weighting-set pair analysis.

Filling mining is the main mining method in coal mine, and its safety is the pillar of the overall safety of the mine. Filling mining can effectively protect the surface environment, better solve the problem of ground pressure, and maximize the recovery of underground resources. Therefore, this method has an irreplaceable role in deep mining of coal mines and is highly valued by the mining industry all around the world. In order to evaluate the implementation effect of filling mining, a comprehensive weighting-set pair analysis safety evaluation model is established. This model optimizes the subjectivity of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the objectivity of Entropy Weight Method (EWM) in traditional methods. Besides, we add experts' weight to Entropy Weight Method. The combination of the two methods makes the index weight more reasonable and effective, and can more fully reflect the difference and correlation of index. Firstly, the accident causation analysis and taxonomy (ACAT) is used to find out the accident causation factors of filling mining, and then, the AHP and EWM are used to determine the weight of each evaluation index from different perspectives. Then, the evaluation group is established to score the importance of each expert, so as to reduce the subjectivity of expert scoring. Finally, according to the principle of set pair analysis, the safety evaluation model of filling mining is applied to Yuxing Coal Mine in Inner Mongolia. The evaluation result shows that the safety grade of this mine is grade 1 "safety." This paper provides a new way and direction for the comprehensive evaluation of similar mining methods, the establishment of index system, the acquisition of index weights, and the evaluation of safety level, which has promotion and application value.

The Influence of Space Transformation of Land Use on Function Transformation and the Regional Differences in Shaanxi Province.

The development of economy and urbanization promotes the transformation of land use both in space and function. Most existing research perspectives focus only on the transformation of space or function, and analysis of the mutual feedback mechanism between space transformation and function transformation is not deep enough. Therefore, this study constructed a diagnostic method for land use space transformation and function transformation and explored the mutual feedback mechanism between space transformation and functional transformation. The purpose is to deepen the research of land system science, provide a new method for diagnosing the space transformation and function transformation of land use, and clarify the driving mechanism of space transformation on function transformation as well as the mutual feedback mechanism of both. The research results showed that: (1) From 1980 to 2000, the space transformation of land use in the Northern Shaanxi Plateau did not happen, but the degree of trade-off between functions increased, resulting in the occurrence of unsustainable function transformation; the Guanzhong Plain showed a sustainable space transformation during the study period, but the land use functions did not transform; the function transformation and space transformation of the Qinba Mountain area happened in the same direction, and both tended to be sustainable; (2) From 2000 to 2018, the space transformation and function transformation of the Northern Shaanxi Plateau were in opposite directions; the land use space in the Qinba Mountain area was in a state of fluctuation and had not undergone transition, but the land use functions were in an unsustainable transition state; and (3) The function transformation in Shaanxi Province was deeply affected by factors at the policy and cultural levels and the strengthening of its own anti-interference ability, resulting in different performances of space transformation in different regions in different periods. Therefore, Shaanxi Province should rationally plan land resources, coordinate the relationship between space transformation and function transformation, and offer positive feedback to function transformation through sustainable space transformation. Meanwhile, it is necessary to prudently determine the regional land use model according to regional differences.

Comprehensive risk assessment of algae and shellfish in the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project.

Since the main canal of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project was put into operation, the species, quantity, and biomass of algae and shellfish have responded quickly to the environment, and a single dominant species has appeared in the community, demonstrating the remarkably abnormal proliferation property of algae and shellfish. In order to evaluate the safety risk of abnormal proliferation of algae and shellfish in the middle route and realize dynamic analysis of all kinds of influencing factors, a comprehensive risk evaluation system of algae and shellfish in the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project based on comprehensive weighting and four-element connection number was constructed by integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the weight assignment theory of criteria importance through intercriteria (CRITIC). The system consists of 21 evaluation indexes selected from risk factors and carriers. Taking Henan section in the middle route as an example, comprehensive risk evaluation system of algae and shellfish in the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project was applied to calculate the partial connection number of each order and obtain the risk development trend of each indicator. The results showed that algae and shellfish in the middle route were in a very safe state at the safety risk level of level I. Finally, reasonable measures to reduce the risks facing algae and shellfish in the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project are given, which effectively make up the deficiency of existing evaluation methods.

Air quality assessment based on R/S-SPA composite model: A case study of the Hebei province (China).

Air pollution has been the favorite subject of pollution prevention and control measures with the aim of sustainable development. Therefore, a composite model of rescaled range (R/S) and set pair analysis (SPA) was constructed to evaluate the air pollution situation based on the data from 2013 to 2020 in the Hebei province and then predict its air quality development trend. The results show that (1) the air pollution situation is severe, but the development trend is good and (2) the main pollutants are the core factors affecting air quality, and it is necessary to focus on intervention. The innovation of this paper lies on the combination of R/S and SPA to jointly predict the development trend of air quality in the Hebei province and ensure its scientific prediction. Meanwhile, this paper does not point out the continuation cycle of development state, which is the limitation of this paper. Finally, this study deepens the understanding of air quality evaluation, and the following countermeasures are formed: adherence to the problem- and goal-oriented approach to help the transformation of low-carbon development and enhancing the awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection to practice low-carbon lifestyle.

Synergies evaluation and influencing factors analysis of the water-energy-food nexus from symbiosis perspective: A case study in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

In the context of global population growth and environmental degradation, research on the synergies of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is important for sustainable regional development. Using symbiosis and synergy theories, the authors constructed a synergy evaluation index for the WEF nexus and used the set pair analysis-variable fuzzy sets model to analyze the WEF nexus synergies in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH) of China, from 2005 to 2017. The main factors affecting WEF nexus synergies were also analyzed, with results indicating that: 1) the WEF nexus synergies were the best in Beijing, followed by the BTH as a whole, Tianjin, and then Hebei. We also found that WEF nexus synergy grades have been gradually improving over time, with Beijing improving the most, and Tianjin the least. 2) The WEF nexus synergy grades in each region, for symbiotic units, symbiotic relationships, and symbiotic environments, have also gradually improved. And symbiotic relationship synergies were better than symbiotic environment synergies than symbiotic unit synergies. 3) The WEF nexus symbiotic unit synergies were strongest in Tianjin, followed by Beijing, the BTH as a whole, and then Hebei. The symbiotic relationship synergies were strongest in Beijing, followed by Hebei, the BTH as a whole, and then Tianjin. The symbiotic environment synergies were also strongest in Beijing, followed this time by the BTH as a whole, Tianjin, and then Hebei. 4) Economic factors and symbiotic unit synergies were found to be the aspects most influential on WEF nexus synergies in each region. In addition, symbiotic relationship synergies were found to have important impacts on the WEF nexus synergies in Hebei and the BTH as a whole. Overall, we were able to conclude that the methodology developed in this study provided a scientific basis for synergy optimization in the context of a regional WEF nexus.

Optimizing safety-measure combinations to address construction risks.

Objectives. Most methods used to develop construction risk responses address the risk-mitigation optimization problem by solving the objective functions. They are passively achieved by satisfying constraint conditions, which are not adequate for efficient construction management. This study aims to provide an active optimization strategy for selecting risk responses. Methods. We combined set pair analysis (SPA) with the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) to control the construction risks to an acceptable level instead of excessively to the minimum level. SPA is employed to assess the pre-mitigation and post-mitigation risk levels based on the uncertainty theory, and the TOPSIS is used to rank safety measures based on their risk-mitigation effects. A case study of concrete pumping for a super high-rise building was used to exemplify how the proposed optimization model assists risk control and to validate its reasonability. Conclusion. The developed TOPSIS-SPA-based method figures out the optimal safety-measure combination reducing construction risks economically to an acceptable level with the fewest number of measures. The findings can assist decision-makers in formulating cost-effective risk-control schemes.

A novel comprehensive model of set pair analysis with extenics for river health evaluation and prediction of semi-arid basin - A case study of Wei River Basin, China.

The accelerated development of urbanization in semi-arid areas is easy to cause varying degrees of disturbance to its fragile aquatic ecosystem. To find a general method for assessing the health status in semi-arid basins in China, and to provide theoretical basis for river health management and sustainable development, this study is that health evaluation index system is established in the Wei River Basin, covering a huge semi-arid area, and analyzed the biological structure of plankton obtained by field sampling and identified in laboratory, chemical conditions including dissolved oxygen, water temperature, ammonia nitrogen, pH, chlorophyll and other water physical and chemical factors determined by field instruments and sediment heavy metals analyzed in laboratory, physical habitat scored on site and social factors including water resource utilization rate and water consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP collected in local water resource bulletin. Based on the idea of game theory, an improved coupling model of set pair analysis with extenics is established to assess and predict health. The results show that Wei River System and Jing River System are healthy, Beiluo River System is sub-healthy, and the whole Wei River Basin is also healthy; most of the cross-sections have a tendency to change to a bad level. Compared with simple weighting, set pair analysis and variable fuzzy set methods based on the corresponding sampling data and the weight in this paper, the coupling model can explain the transition and its trend between levels, reflect the certainty and uncertainty, and get more accurate results. It is suggested that daily monitoring and management should be strengthened in most sections to improve their health. And improve the development level of ecological function and social service function, give priority to the development of downstream water resources economy.