Species Transformation and Social Reform: The Role of the Will in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Transformist Theory.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is well known as a pre-Darwinian proponent of evolution. But much of what has been written on Lamarck, on his 'Lamarckian' belief in the inheritance of acquired characters, and on his conception of the role of the will in biological development mischaracterizes his views. Indeed, surprisingly little in-depth analysis has been published regarding his views on human physiology and development. Further, although since Robert M. Young's signal 1969 essay on Malthus and the evolutionists, Darwin scholars have sought to place Darwin's work in its social and political context, this has yet to be done adequately for Lamarck. Here I address this gap. I argue that the will was of particular importance to Lamarck's social commentary and his hopes for the transformation of the French people and nation. Further, I argue that if we are to really grasp Lamarck's ideas and intentions we need to contextualize his works in relation to prevailing debates in France about the physiology of mind and morals and the future of the nation.

Death, social reform and the scrutiny of social welfare provision: the role of the contemporary inquest.

Suggesting there is an emerging and important focus on social welfare in inquests into death, this article argues that there is value for both social welfare and inquest scholarship in examination of links between the two. Emphasising the process of investigation, it aims to introduce the inquest to social welfare scholars, and proposes an agenda for research. The discussion examines a range of inquests in which questions of social welfare (understood broadly) were examined, including inquests into the death of Jackie Maguire in a care home (see R (Maguire) v. HM Senior Coroner for Blackpool & Fylde [2023] UKSC 20), the death of Jodey Whiting after her welfare benefits were stopped (in a case brought by her mother, Joy Dove, see Dove v. HM Assistant Coroner for Teesside and Hartlepool [2023] EWCA Civ 289), the death of Awaab Ishak due to mould in his housing association home, and the death of Ella Kissi-Debra which suggested a link between traffic, air pollution and asthma, as well as other cases, including the inquest into the death of Molly Russell which focused on the role of social media.

On the Historical and Conceptual Foundations of a Community Psychology of Social Transformation.

We examine historical and conceptual literature in community psychology in order to understand the field's potential to be the socially transformative subdiscipline of psychology to which it aspires. By reviewing papers from two prominent journals and other literature, we conclude that the claim that community psychology is well-suited to social transformation, because it is a product of Sixties' radicalism and is theoretically equipped, is untenable. Systematic accounts of the subdiscipline's origins suggest that the transformative aspirations of current community psychologists do not correspond to the subdiscipline's reformist past. Furthermore, in analyzing three related concepts currently employed in the field-social justice, power, and praxis-we show that each suffers from conceptual ambiguity and a restricted political scope. These conceptual flaws, coupled with community psychology's historical inclination toward social reform, inhibit the possibility of contributing to radical social transformation. We conclude that neither questionable historical claims nor ambiguous and politically dubious concepts support a community psychology of social transformation. We offer solutions for the historical and conceptual problems we identify and, as a broader solution to the problem of engaging in socially transformative work, propose that community psychologists should seek direct political engagement in solidarity with other citizens as fellow citizens not as psychologists.

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910): The Founder of Modern Nursing.

Florence Nightingale, a pioneering figure in the field of nursing during the 19th century, revolutionized medical practices through her innovative approaches to healthcare and dedication to improving patient outcomes. Her advocacy for sanitation significantly reduced mortality rates among patients. Nightingale's pioneering use of data analysis in healthcare and her establishment of nursing education standards laid the foundation for the nursing profession as we know it today. Her contributions continue to resonate in the field of medicine to this day. This paper is a theoretical reflection on Florence Nightingale's contributions to health and nursing, based on a review of literature from PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

Dr. Kadambini Ganguly (1861-1923): A Pioneer in Indian Medicine.

Dr. Kadambini Ganguly was a trailblazing Indian physician and social reformer. As one of the first female graduates and practitioners of Western medicine in India, she broke numerous barriers in a field dominated by men. Her contribution to medicine, particularly in women's healthcare, and her engagement in social reform through the Brahmo Samaj and the Indian National Congress, caused significant progress toward gender equality and social justice. This article looks back on her academic accomplishments, medical career, social activism, and lasting legacy, emphasizing her profound influence on medicine and society in India.

Trailblazer in Medicine: The Inspirational Journey of Dr. Anandibai Gopalrao Joshee.

Dr. Anandibai Joshee, emerging from a patriarchal society in Maharashtra, India, stands as a trailblazer in the annals of medical history, not only as the first Indian woman to earn a degree in Western medicine but also as a fervent advocate for women's rights. This paper delves into her life, exploring her contributions to the medical field, her advocacy for women's education, and the cultural impact she left on both India and the international community. Her achievements are examined in the context of the medical and socio-cultural milieu of 19th-century India and today, providing a detailed account of her legacy and recognition.

Social transition, economic development and gender-based wage disparity in a developing economy.

A four-sector competitive general equilibrium model has been developed with both male and female labour in presence of capital market distortion to analyse the effect of social transition on female labour force participation and gender-based wage inequality. The analysis finds that although gender wage inequality worsens in the existing structure, the consequence on female participation in the workforce depends on the stage of social transition. While it falls in the early stages, it begins to rise once a certain critical level of transition is crossed. Finally, we have advocated in favour of a policy that can effectively speed up the process of social transition thereby gender empowerment.

Ernest Hart: Editor of the British Medical Journal 1866-1898.

Ernest Abraham Hart (26 June 1835-7 January 1898) was the long-time editor of the British Medical Journal. He held strong opinions, and was often controversial but his views generally prevailed. He was born into a Jewish family in London and was educated at the City of London School. He studied medicine at the St George's Hospital School of Medicine and specialised in diseases of the eye. His medical journalism began with The Lancet in 1857 and in August 1866, he was appointed editor of the British Medical Journal taking it, in his decades of leadership, from a small publication to a significant scientific journal increasing the British Medical Association membership substantially. Julia Frankau's novel of scandal, Dr Phillips: A Maida Vale Idyll (1887) published under the pseudonym of Frank Danby, has a leading character, Dr Phillips, thought to be modelled on Ernest Hart and who murders his wife reviving speculation about the death of Hart's first wife from accidental poisoning.

Research on the Construction and Prediction of China's National Fitness Development Index System Under Social Reform.

Background: National fitness is a development plan formulated by China to promote people's participation in leisure and fitness, enhance people's physique, and realize the general goal of strengthening sports. Methods: Based on combing the development process of China's national fitness after reform and opening up, using the improved "balanced scorecard" method, this article constructs an evaluation index system of the national fitness development index. Results: The national fitness development index was established, including 4 first-level indicators, 14 second-level indicators, and 49 third-level indicators. It can calculate the national fitness development index with a total score of 100 points. Conclusion: To verify the feasibility of the evaluation system, the goal current situation evaluation method is used to calculate the national fitness development index during the 14th Five Year Plan period based on the development of national fitness during the 13th Five Year Plan period to provide evaluation tools and theoretical reference for the development of national fitness in China.

Revitalizing Alfred Adler: An Echo for Equality.

The work of Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology arguably applies to contemporary social work practice and education. The tenets of Individual Psychology are reviewed in the context of a historical sketch of Adler's work as a medical doctor, psychoanalyst, and colleague of Freud. His eventual divergence from psychoanalysis to begin his own psychological and education movement which focused on social reform is emphasized. Individual Psychology is examined in detail including original case examples demonstrating his influence on and compatibility with contemporary social work theories. Empirical evidence is provided supporting present-day application of his theory. Adler serves as a much-needed example of a professional who successfully and simultaneously advanced both the micro and macro world of mental health. Adler's contribution deserves to be explicitly included in social work curricula.

'As though Miles of Ocean did not Separate us': Print and the Construction of a Transatlantic Free Love Community at the Fin de Siècle.

This article argues that British and American free lovers - radical sexual reformers committed to the cause of 'sexual freedom' - came together through print to build a transatlantic community at the fin de siècle. Challenging existing narratives that characterize free love as isolated or incoherent, it argues that through print free lovers from Britain and America were able to forge links with each other, and to construct an important, coherent collective identity that transcended national boundaries. In doing so it makes two major interventions. First, it provides unique new insights into the history of free love in both the British and American contexts, placing a new focus on often overlooked transnational connections and exchanges that helped to shape late nineteenth-century free love campaigns. Second, it encourages historians to rethink the ways we look for and make sense of cohesive international reform communities more broadly in this period. By exploring how a small, radical group like the free lovers were able to cohere through processes of contestation and negotiation played out entirely in print, this article will show that, where necessary, print was enough for transatlantic reformers to construct common identities and negotiate coherent reform ideas. As such, it argues that historians of fin-de-siècle social reform should look again at the print culture of other contemporary reformers otherwise labelled divided, isolated, or marginalized to look for threads of cohesion, cooperation, and compromise.

"Human Beings Is What Women Want to Become, and to Partake of the Garland of Work and Victory." Visions of Emancipation, Community Spirit, and Social Reform in the First German Women's Movement.

My reflections draw attention to the General German Women's Association (German: Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein-ADF), which was founded on 18th October 1865 under the chairwomanship of writer, journalist and publicist Louise Otto-Peters (1819-1865). This event marks the beginning of the organized women's movement in Germany. I will pay special attention to Louise Otto-Peters, who not only initiated the ADF and chaired it for many years, she was also its most important theoretical thinker, and crucially, developed specific policies for women. This happened at a time when women were largely excluded by law from political participation. They did not have the right to vote until 1918 and were therefore unable to play any role in city and state parliaments, or in the Reichstag, either. Until 1908, they were not even allowed to be members of political parties or associations with a political orientation. The first part of this article sets out to depict Louise Otto-Peter's views and visions based mainly on her writings "Das Recht der Frauen auf Erwerb. Blicke auf das Frauenleben der Gegenwart" (The Right of Women to Gainful Employment. Views on Contemporary Women's Lives) from 1866, and "Frauenleben im Deutschen Reich. Erinnerungen aus der Vergangenheit mit Hinweis auf Gegenwart und Zukunft" (Women's Lives in the German Reich. Memories from the Past with Reference to the Present and Future) from 1876. The second part attempts an appraisal of her ideas against the backdrop of the existing gender order and the dominant gender thinking. Part three is interested in the legitimization of her visions and, to this end, examines important-but by no means all-discernible lines of argumentation and interpretations.

La primera reforma tributaria en la historia de la humanidad / A primeira reforma tributária na história da humanidade / The first tax reform of humanity

Resumen El presente acápite trata acerca del relato milenario de la primera reforma social, descrito por Noah Kramer en el libro La historia empieza en Sumer y que ha sido traducido por el autor directamente de las tablillas sumerias. El artículo presenta un apólogo, sobre el contexto en el cual se dio esa primera reforma social, que sin lugar a dudas fue una verdadera reforma tributaria en favor del pueblo. El texto comienza describiendo las características de la civilización sumeria, el entorno geográfico en el cual se desarrolló, sus invenciones como la escritura, la rueda, la cerveza, la organización del comercio, los sistemas políticos y los sistemas tributarios y aduaneros. Es en medio de ese auge que los sumerios terminan siendo dominados por los Acadios. Cabe anotar que en el contexto descrito en el párrafo anterior se hace alusión a que una ciudad prospera como Lagash en tiempos de los sumerios, termina empobreciendo a sus habitantes con una exagerada y desordenada carga tributaria y un sistema tributario caótico en manos de los Acadios. Es en este testimonio que se realizó una de las primeras reformas sociales, que por sus características es considerada como la primera reforma tributaria de la cual tiene conocimiento la humanidad. Clasificación JEL: N, N9, N95.

Abstract This section deals with the millennial account of the first social reform, described by Noah Kramer in the book History begins in Sumer and which has been translated by the author directly from the Sumerian tablets. The article presents an apologue; about the context in which this first social reform took place, which without a doubt was a true tax reform in favor of the people. The text begins by describing the characteristics of Sumerian civilization, the geographical environment in which it developed its inventions such as writing, wheel, beer trade organization, political systems and tax and customs systems. It is in the midst of that boom that the Sumerians end up being dominated by the Akkadians. It should be noted that the context described in the previous paragraph refers to the fact that a city prospers like Lagash in the times of the Sumerians, ends impoverishing its inhabitants with an exaggerated and disorderly tax burden and a chaotic tax system in the hands of the Akkadians. It is in this testimony that one of the first social reforms was carried out, which due to its characteristics is considered as the first tax reform of which humanity is aware. JEL Classification: N, N9, N95.

Resumo Esta seção trata do relato milenar da primeira reforma social, descrita por Noah Kramer no livro História começa na Sumeria, e que foi traduzida pelo autor diretamente das tábuas sumérias. O artigo apresenta um apologê, sobre o contexto em que esta primeira reforma social ocorreu, que sem dúvida foi uma verdadeira reforma tributária em favor do povo. O texto começa descrevendo as características da civilização suméria, o ambiente geográfico em que ela se desenvolveu, suas invenções como escrita, roda, cerveja, organização comercial, sistemas políticos e sistemas tributários e aduaneiros. É no meio desse boom que os sumérios acabam sendo dominados pelos acádios. Note-se que, no contexto descrito no parágrafo anterior referindo-se a uma cidade prospera como Lagash em tempos dos sumérios é acaba por empobrecer seu povo com um sistema de carga tributária e fiscal exagerada e desordenada caótico nas mãos dos Akkadians. É neste testemunho que se realizou uma das primeiras reformas sociais, que devido às suas características é considerada como a primeira reforma tributária da qual a humanidade está ciente. Classificações JEL: N, N9, N95.

La tabla de supervivencia, posibilidad de vida y de más vida A propósito de la reforma social inglesa de 1832 / Table of survival, possibility of life and more life With regard to the english social reform of 1832

La garantía de la salud en el orden político inglés decimonónico en el cual la duración media de la vida estaba determinada por la situación del individuo en la estructura de clases, no era posible ante un estado carente de organismos sanitarios de administración y control de la salubridad pública, además del influjo arrollador del sector económico egoísta, individualista y privatizador, y por la ausencia de ciudadanía activa que propiciara la agencia de espacios de acción colectiva y de acción política. Fue necesario el advenimiento de artefactos matemáticos como la tabla de supervivencia, para convencer al cuerpo social y político liberal de la época de la posibilidad de cada vez más y mejor vida, e iniciar la larga marcha de la participación política democrática hacia el estatus de ciudadano. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 326-330).

The guarantee of health in the nineteenth-century English political order in which the average length of life was determined by the status of the individual in the class structure, was not possible in front of a state devoid of health management organizations an health public control, in addition to the overwhelming influence of a selfish, individualist and privatizing economic sector, and the absence of active citizenship which could foster the management of collective and political action spaces. The advent of mathematical artifacts such as table survival was necessary to convince the liberal social and political body of the epoch of the possibility of getting more and better life, and begin the long march of democratic political participation towards the status of citizens. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 326-330).

Alice Hamilton: the Harmonized Life as a Medical Researcher and a Social Reformer / 의사학

We have not a little information about the contribution of Alice Hamilton on the development of the American industrial medicine as well as her life as an eminent industrial toxicologist and a social reformer through the study of some researchers. But her internal conflict between womanhood and professionalism has not been fully studied. The conflict was not first appeared on the Alice's mind, but it had long history since the women entered the medical field that men had monopolized in the mid-nineteenth century. In this paper, authors traced the two strategies of the women doctors through following the lives of the two typical pioneers, Elizabath Blackwell and Mary Putnam Jacobi, respectively, and how two trends, womanhood and professionalism, were harmonized in Alice's work and life through her own endeavor.

Alice Hamilton: the Harmonized Life as a Medical Researcher and a Social Reformer / 의사학

We have not a little information about the contribution of Alice Hamilton on the development of the American industrial medicine as well as her life as an eminent industrial toxicologist and a social reformer through the study of some researchers. But her internal conflict between womanhood and professionalism has not been fully studied. The conflict was not first appeared on the Alice's mind, but it had long history since the women entered the medical field that men had monopolized in the mid-nineteenth century. In this paper, authors traced the two strategies of the women doctors through following the lives of the two typical pioneers, Elizabath Blackwell and Mary Putnam Jacobi, respectively, and how two trends, womanhood and professionalism, were harmonized in Alice's work and life through her own endeavor.