Collaborative online international learning in physiology: a case study.

Internationalization in higher education is essential, and although active learning methodologies are increasing and allow students to develop transversal skills, most still have a very local scope. In this context, the Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) methodology is an interesting approach to benefit the students' development. It consists of an online program that involves creating multicultural teams to develop a specific learning project. Although this methodology is expanding, its use in physiology is still scarce. This paper aims to show an example of applying COIL methodology in physiology topics to enhance higher-education students' innovation and business skills. Our example project developed a sports-assessment service concept focused on physiology and biomechanics assessments. The program involved teams from Brazil, Germany, and Spain, comprising undergraduate and master students. Over 7 weeks, these teams, mentored by professors and researchers, engaged in workshops covering COIL methodology, business model design, executive summary planning, economic analyses, and communication techniques. Key outcomes included learning new concepts, developing soft skills, building confidence in innovative solution proposals, and experiencing diverse cultures. Challenges faced were language barriers, scheduling, task complexity, and logistical issues. This experience confirms the effectiveness of incorporating programs using COIL methodology into educational curriculums. Doing so exposes physiology students to innovation, entrepreneurship, and business creation while strengthening their professional connections and opening up postgraduation opportunities.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although the Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) methodology is expanding, its use in physiology is still scarce. Our example COIL project of 7 weeks developed a sports-assessment service concept focused on physiology and biomechanics assessments. The program involved teams from Brazil, Germany, and Spain, comprising undergraduate and master's students. Students perceived extracurricular activities in this format as beneficial. Coaches also expressed positive views about such initiatives, noting benefits for students and their development.

Relationships between training load, peak height velocity, muscle soreness and fatigue status in elite-level young soccer players: a competition season study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare training load parameters, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue status between season periods (1st and 2nd halves) in U14 soccer players and to analyze the relationships between training load parameters based on season periods (1st and 2nd halves) with peak height velocity (PHV), DOMS, and fatigue status in under-14 (U14) young elite soccer players. Additionally, it was intended to analyze if fatigue, DOMS and PHV could explain training load parameters across the season. METHODS: Twenty U14 players that competed in the national league participated in this study. The players were monitored during the whole season (26 weeks), and evaluations were carried out at the end of the in-season. Anthropometric and body composition parameters and the maturity offset of each player were utilized to compute each player's age at PHV. Players reported their levels of DOMS and fatigue status using Hooper index questionnaires. The internal load was monitored using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Acute weekly internal load (AW), chronic weekly internal load (CW), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) were also obtained. RESULTS: The main results showed that TM was higher in the 2nd half, while CW, AW and DOMS were higher in the 1st half of the season. Moreover, the main correlations showed a positive correlation between PHV and TS (2nd half of the season) and between fatigue and TM (1st half of the season). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, variations in well-being status and PHV cannot explain the variations in internal training loads in elite U14 soccer players. In addition, internal training load indices during the first half of the competitive season can promote a fundamental base for progression loads during the second period of the competitive season.

Validity and reliability of a 6-a-side small-sided game as an indicator of match-related physical performance in elite youth Brazilian soccer players.

The aims of this study were: (i) to compare the external and internal load during a 6-a-side small-sided game (6v6-SSG) according to age-group; (ii) to relate these parameters between the 6v6-SSG and official matches; and (iii) to test the reliability of the 6v6-SSG. A total of 51 Brazilian youth soccer players participated in this study (U11 [n = 16]; U13 [n = 10]; U15 [n = 9]; U17 [n = 8]; U20 [n = 8]). Three experiments were conducted. Experiment A: fifty-one U11 to U20 players were submitted to 6v6-SSGs (n = 10 games; two for each age-group). Experiment B: thirty-two players were randomized to also play official matches (n = 6 matches). Experiment C: thirty-five youth players played the 6v6-SSG twice for test and retest reliability analysis. External load was obtained using Global Positioning Systems and the internal load parameter was calculated through mean heart rate. Statistical approaches showed progressive increases in all parameters according to categories (U11< U13< U15< U17< U20; p < 0.05; ES = 0.42-23.68). Even controlling for chronological age, all parameters showed likely to almost certain correlations between 6v6-SSG and official matches (r = 0.25-0.92). Collectively, the proposed protocol indicates good reliability (CV% = 2.0-12.6; TE% = 2.3-2.7%; ICC = 0.78-0.90). This research suggests that the 6v6-SSG is an alternative tool to indicate match-related physical performance in youth soccer players.

Molecular Big Data in Sports Sciences: State-of-Art and Future Prospects of OMICS-Based Sports Sciences.

Together with environment and experience (that is to say, diet and training), the biological and genetic make-up of an athlete plays a major role in exercise physiology. Sports genomics has shown, indeed, that some DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be associated with athlete performance and level (such as elite/world-class athletic status), having an impact on physical activity behavior, endurance, strength, power, speed, flexibility, energetic expenditure, neuromuscular coordination, metabolic and cardio-respiratory fitness, among others, as well as with psychological traits. Athletic phenotype is complex and depends on the combination of different traits and characteristics: as such, it requires a "complex science," like that of metadata and multi-OMICS profiles. Several projects and trials (like ELITE, GAMES, Gene SMART, GENESIS, and POWERGENE) are aimed at discovering genomics-based biomarkers with an adequate predictive power. Sports genomics could enable to optimize and maximize physical performance, as well as it could predict the risk of sports-related injuries. Exercise has a profound impact on proteome too. Proteomics can assess both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view the modifications induced by training. Recently, scholars have assessed the epigenetics changes in athletes. Summarizing, the different omics specialties seem to converge in a unique approach, termed sportomics or athlomics and defined as a "holistic and top-down," "non-hypothesis-driven research on an individual's metabolite changes during sports and exercise" (the Athlome Project Consortium and the Santorini Declaration) Not only sportomics includes metabonomics/metabolomics, but relying on the athlete's biological passport or profile, it would enable the systematic study of sports-induced changes and effects at any level (genome, transcriptome, proteome, etc.). However, the wealth of data is so huge and massive and heterogenous that new computational algorithms and protocols are needed, more computational power is required as well as new strategies for properly and effectively combining and integrating data.

A descriptive study of sports chiropractors with an International Chiropractic Sport Science Practitioner qualification: a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: This paper describes the education and case management profile of sports chiropractors with the Federation of International Sports Chiropractors (FICS) postgraduate qualification: International Chiropractic Sport Science Practitioner (ICSSP). The ICSSP is the predominant international sports chiropractic qualification. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey, carried out between 22/10/2014 and 22/12/2014,was utilized with a 39-item web-based survey examining practitioner, practice and clinical management characteristics, and was distributed via email to all sports chiropractors who held an ICSSP qualification (n = 240) in 2014. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 64% (n = 154). 36% of chiropractors were aged between 31 and 40 years, just over three quarters were male, and 27% had been in practice for 5-10 years. The majority of respondents were based in North America. All sports chiropractors surveyed reported treating neuromusculoskeletal conditions outside of the spine. 91% utilized a multimodal approach in most of their treatments, prescribing rehabilitative exercises in 76% of consultations. Almost 64% of respondents reported current treatment of professional athletes, and 78% reported current treatment of semi-professional athletes, whilst the vast majority of those surveyed endorsed past treatment of professional (91%) and semi-professional (95%) athletes. All respondents reported referring to a range of conventional and allied health providers. CONCLUSIONS: This study of ICSSP-qualified sports chiropractors describes a small but well-educated workforce treating high-level athletes, managing a wide range of spine and non-spinal neuromusculoskeletal conditions, utilising multimodal approaches (including active and passive strategies), and referring to and co-managing with other health practitioners.

Constructing professional and organisational fields.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to fill an apparent gap in the literature addressing issues of leadership and change - the development and activities of constructing and leading sports sciences and medicine professions, and similarly, the construction and leadership of multidisciplinary/inter-disciplinary organisations that practice sports sciences and medicine. Design/methodology/approach - This study incorporated explorations through conducting both interviews and survey questionnaires with members of Sports Medicine Australia (SMA). The interviews (qualitative) were semi-structured and asked questions addressing what changed, why change and how change was implemented. Findings - The health sciences and medicine professions moving to specialised sports sciences and medicine disciplines and SMA, evolved through forces driving the need for change (legitimacy, resource dependency, positioning and core competencies). Practical implications - The knowledge developed from understanding activities of change that traditional professions conducted to become specialised Disciplines and parallel changes in a single Discipline organisation evolving to an umbrella organisation (SMA), comprised a membership of specialised Disciplines, can act as a catalyst for inquiry by other professional and organisational groups. Originality/value - The findings of this study contributes to the literature investigating change in professional and organisations fields. More specifically, this study promotes inquiry into leadership practices of sports sciences and medicine, as contributors to the field of health services.

Comparação dos ementários das disciplinas de natação nos cursos de licenciatura e bacharelado em educação física no Brasil e suas consequências / Comparison of the content of swimming program of Physical Education and bachelor's in sports sciences degrees in Brazil and its consequences / Comparación de los contenidos de las asignaturas de natación en los cursos de licenciatura y bachillerato en Educación Física en Brasil y sus consecuencias

Comparou-se as ementas e/ou conteúdos das disciplinas de Natação/Atividades Aquáticas pertencentes às fases de adaptação e ensino dos nados dos cursos de licenciatura e bacharel em Educação Física de 42 universidades públicas brasileiras que oferecem os dois cursos concomitantemente, para conhecer as diferenças e similitudes entre as duas modalidades da graduação. Verificou-se que 74% das universidades apresentaram conteúdos e créditos idênticos ou similares, inferindo que uma quantidade significativa de graduados em Educação Física nas instituições públicas no Brasil tem similares bases teóricas e subsídios curriculares necessários para intervir nos campos de trabalho da adaptação e ensino dos nados em qualquer âmbito, seja este formal ou não formal.

The aim of the study was to compare the content of class programs on swimming/aquatic ac-tivities regarding the process of adaptation and teaching of the competitive strokes in Physical Education and Bachelor's in Sports Sciences Degrees of 42 public universities in Brazil that offered both of the degrees. The paper sought to understand the differences and similarities of both Degrees. It was found that 74% of the universities have identical or at least similar con-tent and credits in both programs. It is possible to conclude that a significative portion of the students in both programs have similar theorical bases and curricular subsidies to intervene on the process of adaptation and teaching of competitive strokes, such in formal and informal fields.

Se compararon los contenidos de las asignaturas de Natación/Actividades Acuáticas pertene-cientes a las fases de adaptación e enseñanza de los nados de los cursos de Licenciatura y Bachiller en Educación Física de 42 universidades públicas brasileñas que ofrecen los dos cursos concomitantemente, para conocer las diferencias y similitudes entre las dos modalida-des de la graduación. Se verificó que el 74% de las universidades presentaron contenidos y créditos idénticos o similares, infiriendo que una cantidad significativa de graduados en Edu-cación Física en las instituciones públicas en Brasil tiene similares bases teóricas y subsidios curriculares necesarios para intervenir en los campos de trabajo de la adaptación y enseñanza de los nados en cualquier ámbito, ya sea formal o no formal.

Proposal for realizing the prevention of functional disability in old ages / 体力科学

Japan is the only country that has implemented a nation-wide measure for functional disability leading to long-term care needs in old ages. Thus, there are no previous national trials that we can refer to. Whether its disability prevention measure succeeds or not will depend on our own efforts toward the future. In this paper, I will overview a 10-year experience with the disability prevention program launched in 2006, and then will point out the relevant issues in realizing the prevention of functional disability in old ages for exercise and sports scientists.

Graphic musculoskeletal model for biomechanical analyses and animation in sport sciences and medicine / 医用生物力学

The ability to combine physiology and engineering analyses with computer graphics has opened the door to the possibility of creating the "Virtual Human" reality.This paper presents a broad foundation for a full-featured biomechanical simulator for the human musculoskeletal system physiology.This simulation technology unites the expertise in biomechanical analysis and graphic modeling to investigate joint and connective tissue mechanics at the structural level and to visualize the results in both static and animated forms together with the model.Adaptable anatomical models including prosthetic implants,fracture fixation devices,rehab and exercise equipment and a robust computational platform for static,kinematic,kinetic,and stress analyses under varying boundary and loading conditions are incorporated in the utility software system and the database,the VIMS (Virtual Interactive Musculoskeletal System).In the database,long bone geometry,dimensions,connective tissue material properties and a library of skeletal joint system functional activities and loading conditions are also available and they can easily be modified,updated and expanded.Application software is available for the end-users to perform biomechanical analyses interactively.Examples using the graphic models and the computational algorithms in a virtual laboratory environment for:1) biomechanical analysis of skeletal kinematics;2) shoulder joint force and contact pressure distribution in overhead activities;3) hip joint contact pressure distribution in activities of daily living;4) ankle joint contact stress and ligament loading during gait;5) ankle injury and therapeutic management simulation;6) knee continued passive motion and computer-aided rehabilitation;are used to demonstrate the utility of the unique database and the biomechanical simulation technology.This integrated system will impact on sport sciences and medicine through basic research,athlete screening/training,injury prevention and rehabilitation to benefit both the elite and recreational athletes.

Graphic musculoskeletal model for biomechanical analyses and animation in sport sciences and medicine / 医用生物力学

The ability to combine physiology and engineering analyses with computer graphics has opened the door to the possibility of creating the "Virtual Human" reality.This paper presents a broad foundation for a full-featured biomechanical simulator for the human musculoskeletal system physiology.This simulation technology unites the expertise in biomechanical analysis and graphic modeling to investigate joint and connective tissue mechanics at the structural level and to visualize the results in both static and animated forms together with the model.Adaptable anatomical models including prosthetic implants,fracture fixation devices,rehab and exercise equipment and a robust computational platform for static,kinematic,kinetic,and stress analyses under varying boundary and loading conditions are incorporated in the utility software system and the database,the VIMS (Virtual Interactive Musculoskeletal System).In the database,long bone geometry,dimensions,connective tissue material properties and a library of skeletal joint system functional activities and loading conditions are also available and they can easily be modified,updated and expanded.Application software is available for the end-users to perform biomechanical analyses interactively.Examples using the graphic models and the computational algorithms in a virtual laboratory environment for:1) biomechanical analysis of skeletal kinematics;2) shoulder joint force and contact pressure distribution in overhead activities;3) hip joint contact pressure distribution in activities of daily living;4) ankle joint contact stress and ligament loading during gait;5) ankle injury and therapeutic management simulation;6) knee continued passive motion and computer-aided rehabilitation;are used to demonstrate the utility of the unique database and the biomechanical simulation technology.This integrated system will impact on sport sciences and medicine through basic research,athlete screening/training,injury prevention and rehabilitation to benefit both the elite and recreational athletes.

Away matches or losing status increases the peak physical demand in Brazilian professional soccer players: Match Analysis in Soccer / Jugar como visitante y perder el partido aumenta la demanda física máxima de los futbolistas profesionales brasileños: Análisis de partidos de fútbol / Jogar como visitante ou estar perdendo a partida aumenta o pico de demanda física em jogadores profissionais brasileiros de futebol : Análise de Jogo no Futebol

Match analysis is characterized by the study of training and competition, in order to quantify and qualify the effectiveness of their actions, in all their aspects (e.g., tactical-technical-physical). It is often used in team sports to obtain objective information about the performance of players and teams, and can help coaches to plan training sessions that are more representative of the real demands of the match. Several factors can interfere in the performance of a team or player, such as the "contextual variables". The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of match location, competitive level and match status on the peak of physical demand in matches of the Catarinense Championship (edition 2021 ) and the Copa do Brasil (edition 2021). The match running performance data was monitored in 22 male professionals soccer players during two competitions: 1st Division of the 2021 Championship of Santa Catarina, 1st and 2nd Phase of the 2021 Cup of Brazil. The results found show that away matches presented higher peak of total distance covered compared to home matches (p < 0.05). Regarding the competitive level, no significant differences were observed (p > 0.05). In the analysis of the match status, it was found that when the analyzed team was winning the match, the peak total distance covered results were lower compared to when the team was losing. It is concluded that away matches and when the match status is losing presented greater peak physical demands than their counterparts. 

El análisis del juego se caracteriza por el estudio del entrenamiento y la competición, con el fin de cuantificar y calificar la efectividad de sus acciones, en todos sus aspectos (ej., Táctico-técnico-físico). Se utiliza a menudo en deportes de equipo para obtener información objetiva sobre el rendimiento de jugadores y equipos, y puede ayudar a los entrenadores a planificar sesiones de entrenamiento más representativas de las demandas reales del juego. Varios factores pueden interferir en el desempeño de un equipo o jugador, como las llamadas "variables contextuales". El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar los efectos del control del juego, el nivel competitivo y el resultado momentáneo en el pico de la demanda física en los juegos del Campeonato Catarinense y la Copa de Brasil 2021. Los datos de rendimiento de carrera en el juego fueron monitoreados en 22 jugadores profesionales del fútbol masculino durante dos competiciones: 1ª División del Campeonato de Santa Catarina 2021, 1ª y 2ª Fase de la Copa de Brasil 2021. Partidos en casa (p <0,05). En cuanto al nivel competitivo, no se observaron diferencias significativas (p> 0.05). En el análisis de los resultados momentáneos, se encontró que cuando el equipo analizado estaba ganando el partido, los resultados máximos de la distancia total recorrida eran menores en comparación con cuando el equipo estaba perdiendo. Se concluye que los partidos fuera de casa y cuando el resultado momentáneo es la derrota, promueven una mayor exigencia física en los jugadores. Por lo tanto, los entrenadores pueden usar esta información para prescribir sesiones de entrenamiento más efectivas que aborden las demandas reales del juego.

A análise de jogo é caracterizada pelo estudo do treino e da competição, de modo a quantificar e qualificar a efetividade das suas ações, em todos os seus aspectos (e.g., tático-técnico-físico). É usada frequentemente em esportes coletivos para obtenção de informações objetivas sobre o desempenho dos jogadores e equipes, podendo auxiliar os treinadores no planejamento de sessões de treinamento mais representativas das demandas reais do jogo. Diversos fatores podem interferir no desempenho de uma equipe ou jogador, tais como as denominadas "variáveis contextuais". O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do mando de jogo, nível competitivo e resultado momentâneo sobre o pico de demanda física em jogos do Campeonato Catarinense e Copa do Brasil de 2021. Os dados de desempenho da corrida em jogo foram monitorados em 22 jogadores profissionais de futebol da categoria masculina durante duas competições: 1ª Divisão do Campeonato Catarinense de 2021, 1ª e 2ª Fase da Copa do Brasil de 2021. Os resultados encontrados mostram que os jogos realizados fora de casa apresentaram maior pico de distância total percorrida em comparação aos jogos em casa (p < 0,05). Em relação ao nível competitivo, não foram observadas diferenças significantes (p > 0,05). Nas análises dos resultados momentâneos, verificou-se que quando a equipe analisada estava ganhando a partida, os resultados de pico de distância total percorrida foram menores em comparação à quando a equipe estava perdendo. Conclui-se que partidas fora de casa e quando o resultado momentâneo é a derrota, promovem maiores exigências físicas aos jogadores. Os treinadores, portanto, podem usar essas informações para prescrever sessões de treinamento mais eficazes que contemplem as exigências reais do jogo.