The three-species problem: Incorporating competitive asymmetry and intransitivity in modern coexistence theory.

While natural communities can contain hundreds of species, modern coexistence theory focuses primarily on species pairs. Alternatively, the structural stability approach considers the feasibility of equilibria, gaining scalability to larger communities but sacrificing information about dynamic stability. Three-species competitive communities are a bridge to more-diverse communities. They display novel phenomena while remaining amenable to mathematical analysis, but remain incompletely understood. Here, we combine these approaches to identify the key quantities that determine three-species competition outcomes. We show that pairwise niche overlap and fitness differences are insufficient to completely characterize competitive outcomes, which requires a strictly triplet-wise quantity: cyclic asymmetry, which underlies intransitivity. Low pairwise niche overlap stabilizes the triplet, while high fitness differences promote competitive exclusion. The effect of cyclic asymmetry on stability is complex and depends on pairwise niche overlap. In summary, we elucidate how pairwise niche overlap, fitness differences and cyclic asymmetry determine three-species competition outcomes.

Doping-Induced Surface and Grain Boundary Effects in Ni-Rich Layered Cathode Materials.

In this work, the effects of dopant size and oxidation state on the structure and electrochemical performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) are investigated. It is shown that doping with boron (B) which has a small ionic radius and an oxidation state of 3+, leads to the formation of a boron oxide-containing surface coating (probably Li3BO3), mainly on the outer surface of the secondary particles. Due to this effect, boron only slightly affects the size of the primary particle and the initial capacity, but significantly improves the capacity retention. On the other hand, the dopant ruthenium (Ru) with a larger ionic radius and a higher oxidation state of 5+ can be stabilized within the secondary particles and does not experience a segregation to the outer agglomerate surface. However, the Ru dopant preferentially occupies incoherent grain boundary sites, resulting in smaller primary particle size and initial capacity than for the B-doped and pristine NCM811. This work demonstrates that a small percentage of dopant (2 mol%) cannot significantly affect bulk properties, but it can strongly influence the surface and/or grain boundary properties of microstructure and thus the overall performance of cathode materials.

In Situ Hydroxide Growth over Nickel-Iron Phosphide with Enhanced Overall Water Splitting Performances.

In this work, three dimensional (3D) self-supported Ni-FeOH@Ni-FeP needle arrays with core-shell heterojunction structure are fabricated via in situ hydroxide growth over Ni-FeP surface. The as-prepared electrodes show an outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, only requiring the low overpotential of 232 mV to reach 200 mA cm-2 with the Tafel slop of 40 mV dec-1. For overall water splitting, an alkaline electrolyzer with these electrodes only requires a cell voltage of 2.14 V to reach 1 A cm-2. Mechanistic investigations for such excellent electrocatalytic performances are utilized by in situ Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The computation results present that Ni-FeOH@Ni-FeP attains better intrinsic conductivity and the D-band center (close to that of the ideal catalyst), thus giving superior excellent catalytic performances. Likewise, the surface Ni-FeOH layer can improve the structural stability of Ni-FeP cores and attenuate the eventual formation of irreversible FeOOH products. More importantly, the appearance of FeOOH intermediates can effectively decrease the energy barrier of NiOOH intermediates, and then rapidly accelerate the sluggish reaction dynamics, as well as further enhance the electrocatalytic activities, reversibility and cycling stability.

Robustness versus productivity during evolutionary community assembly: short-term synergies and long-term trade-offs.

The realization that evolutionary feedbacks need to be considered to fully grasp ecological dynamics has sparked interest in the effect of evolution on community properties like coexistence and productivity. However, little is known about the evolution of community robustness and productivity along diversification processes in species-rich systems. We leverage the recent structural approach to coexistence together with adaptive dynamics to study such properties and their relationships in a general trait-based model of competition on a niche axis. We show that the effects of coevolution on coexistence are two-fold and contrasting depending on the time scale considered. In the short term, evolution of niche differentiation strengthens coexistence, while long-term diversification leads to niche packing and decreased robustness. Moreover, we find that coevolved communities tend to be on average more robust and more productive than non-evolutionary assemblages. We illustrate how our theoretical predictions echo in observed empirical patterns and the implications of our results for empiricists and applied ecologists. We suggest that some of our results such as the improved robustness of Evolutionarily Stable Communities could be tested experimentally in suitable model systems.

Relationship Between Cryoprotectant Potential and Protein Hydration in Aqueous Zwitterionic Solutions.

The cryoprotectant potential of 3-(1-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)imidazol-3-io)butane-1-carboxylate (OE2imC3C) for proteins necessitates assessment to elucidate its relationship with protein hydration. To reveal this relationship, we assessed the protein stability (pre-freezing and post-thawing) and melting behavior in dilute aqueous protein-OE2imC3C solutions containing varying mole fractions (x) of OE2imC3C (x = 0, 7.7 × 10-3, and 1.7 × 10-2) using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and near-UV circular dichroism (near-UV CD) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Following freezing/thawing using a deep freezer, protein stability in aqueous OE2imC3C solutions (x = 1.7 × 10-2) preserved the folded state owing to the protein-OE2imC3C interaction, whereas stability at x = 7.7 × 10-3 was reduced. These results indicate that the protein cryoprotectant potential in aqueous OE2imC3C solutions at x = 1.7 × 10-2 is higher than that at x = 7.7 × 10-3, owing to the preferential binding of OE2imC3C with proteins.

Tuning Electronic and Structural Properties of Lead-Free Metal Halide Perovskites: A Comparative Study of 2D Ruddlesden-Popper and 3D Compositions.

In recent decades, two-dimensional (2D) perovskites have emerged as promising semiconductors for next-generation photovoltaics, showing notable advancements in solar energy conversion. Herein, we explore the impact of alternative inorganic lattice BX-based compositions (B=Ge or Sn, X=Br or I) on the energy gap and stability. Our investigation encompasses BA2Man-1BnX3n+1 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (for n=1-5 layers) and 3D bulk (MA)BX3 systems, employing first-principles calculations with spin-orbit coupling (SOC), DFT-1/2 quasiparticle, and D3 dispersion corrections. The study unveils how atoms with smaller ionic radii induce anisotropic internal and external distortions within the inorganic and organic lattices. Introducing the spacers in the low-layer regime reduces local distortions but widens band gaps. Our calculation protocol provides deeper insights into the physics and chemistry underlying 2D perovskite materials, paving the way for optimizing environmentally friendly alternatives that can efficiently replace with sustainable materials.

Organometallic Polymer Constructed by Active Fe-C12N8 Centers for Boosting Sodium-ion Storage.

Organic-metal coordination materials with rich structural diversity are considered as promising electrode materials for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. However, the electrochemical performance can be constrained by the limited number of active sites and structural instability under the discharge/charge process. Herein, organometallic polymer microspheres (Fe-PDA-220) with a unique d-π conjugated structure was designed and successfully constructed through a simple synchronous polymerization and coordination reactions. Polymerization of phenylenediamine was initiated by Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions generated synchronously during the polymerization integrated with poly-aminoquinone chains to form Fe-C12N8 active centers. Used as electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries, the distinctive Fe-C bond significantly boosts the structural stability, and the π-d conjugation system could facilitate electron transfer. A high reversible capacity of 345 mAh g-1 was delivered at 0.1 A g-1 and a capacity of 106 mAh g-1 was maintained even after discharged/charged at 1.0 A g-1 for 5000 cycles, outperforming most reported coordination materials. Spectroscopic and electronic analyses revealed that a two-electron reaction occurred per active unit, accompanied by the reversible redox evolution of the C=N groups and Fe ions during  sodiation/desodiation. This work provides a promising and efficient strategy for boosting the electrochemical performance of organic electrode materials by the design of organometallic polymers.

In Situ Self-Assembled Active and Stable Ir@MnOx/La0.7Sr0.3Cr0.9Ir0.1O3-δ Interfaces for CO2 Electrolysis.

Solid oxide electrolysis cells are prospective approaches for CO2 utilization but face significant challenges due to the sluggish reaction kinetics and poor stability of the fuel electrodes. Herein, we strategically addressed the long-standing trade-off phenomenon between enhanced exsolution and improved structural stability via topotactic ion exchange. The surface dynamic reconstruction of the MnOx/La0.7Sr0.3Cr0.9Ir0.1O3-δ (LSCIr) catalyst was visualized at the atomic scale. Compared with the Ir@LSCIr interface, the in situ self-assembled Ir@MnOx/LSCIr interface exhibited greater CO2 activation and easily removable carbonate intermediates, thus reached a 42 % improvement in CO2 electrolysis performance at 1.6 V. Furthermore, an improved CO2 electrolysis stability was achieved due to the uniformly wrapped MnOx shell of the Ir@MnOx/LSCIr cathode. Our approach enables a detailed understanding of the dynamic microstructure evolution at active interfaces and provides a roadmap for the rational design and evaluation of efficient metal/oxide catalysts for CO2 electrolysis.

Stabilizing Ni-rich Single-crystalline LiNi0.83 Co0.07 Mn0.10 O2 Cathodes using Ce/Gd Co-doped High-entropy Composite Surfaces.

Ni-rich layered oxides are promising lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cathode materials for their high reversible capacity, but they suffer from fast structural degradation during cycling. Here, we report the Ce/Gd incorporated single-crystalline LiNi0.83 Co0.07 Mn0.10 O2 (SC-NCM) cathode materials with significantly enhanced cycling stability. The Gd ions are adequately incorporated in SC-NCM while Ce ions are prone to aggregate in the outer surface, resulting in the formation of a high-entropy zone in the near-surface of SC-NCM, including a Gd doped LiCeO2 (LCGO) shell and Ce/Gd dopant-concentrated layer. The high-entropy zone can effectively inhibit the oxygen evolution and prevent the formation of oxygen vacancies. Meanwhile, it leads to a greatly improved H2-H3 phase transformation reversibility and mitigated stress/strain caused by Li-ion extraction/insertion during (de)lithiation process. The synergetic effects of reduced oxygen vacancies concentration and mitigated stress/strain can effectively prevent the in-plane migration of TM ions, lattice planar gliding as well as the formation of intragranular nanocracks. Consequently, Ce/Gd incorporated SC-NCM (SC-NCM@CG2) delivers a high initial discharge specific capacity of 219.7 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and an excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 90.2 % after 100 cycles at 1.0 C.

High-Entropy Oxides for Rechargeable Batteries.

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) have garnered significant attention within the realm of rechargeable batteries owing to their distinctive advantages, which encompass diverse structural attributes, customizable compositions, entropy-driven stabilization effects, and remarkable superionic conductivity. Despite the brilliance of HEOs in energy conversion and storage applications, there is still lacking a comprehensive review for both entry-level and experienced researchers, which succinctly encapsulates the present status and the challenges inherent to HEOs, spanning structural features, intrinsic properties, prevalent synthetic methodologies, and diversified applications in rechargeable batteries. Within this review, the endeavor is to distill the structural characteristics, ionic conductivity, and entropy stabilization effects, explore the practical applications of HEOs in the realm of rechargeable batteries (lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and lithium-sulfur batteries), including anode and cathode materials, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts. The review seeks to furnish an overview of the evolving landscape of HEOs-based cell component materials, shedding light on the progress made and the hurdles encountered, as well as serving as the guidance for HEOs compositions design and optimization strategy to enhance the reversible structural stability, electrical properties, and electrochemical performance of rechargeable batteries in the realm of energy storage and conversion.

Cations-Pillared and Polyaniline-Encapsulated Vanadate Cathode for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Layered vanadium-based oxides have emerged as highly promising candidates for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their open-framework layer structure and high theoretical capacity among the diverse cathode materials investigated. However, the susceptibility to structural collapse during charge-discharge cycling severely hampers their advancement. Herein, we propose an effective strategy to enhance the cycling stability of vanadium oxides. Initially, the structural integrity of the host material is significantly reinforced by incorporating bi-cations Na+ and NH4 + as "pillars" between the V2O5 layers (NaNVO). Subsequently, surface coating with polyaniline (PA) is employed to further improve the conductivity of the active material. As anticipated, the assembled Zn//NaNVO@PA cell exhibits a remarkable discharge capacity of 492 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and exceptional capacity retention up to 89.2 % after 1000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g-1. Moreover, a series of in-situ and ex-situ characterization techniques were utilized to investigate both Zn ions insertion/extraction storage mechanism and the contribution of polyaniline protonation process towards enhancing capacity.

Effect of Copper Surface Roughness on the High-Temperature Structural Stability of Single-Layer-Graphene.

Graphene (Gr) has shown great potential in the field of oxidation protection for metals. However, numerous studies have shown that Gr will suffer structural degradation on metal surface during high-temperature oxidation, which significantly limited the effectiveness of their oxidation protection. Therefore, understanding the degradation mechanism of Gr is of great interest to enhance their structural stability. Here, the effect of copper (Cu) surface roughness on the high-temperature structural stability of single-layer graphene (SLG) was examined using Cu covered with SLG as a model material. SLG/Cu with different roughness values was obtained via high-temperature annealing of the model material. After high-temperature oxidation at 500 °C, Raman spectra analysis showed that the defect density of the oxidized SLG increased from 41% to 81% when the surface roughness varied from 37 nm to 81 nm. Combined with density functional theory calculations, it was found that the lower formation energy of the C-O bond on rough Cu surfaces (0.19 eV) promoted the formation of defects in SLG. This study may provide guidance for improving the effectiveness of SLG for the oxidation protection of metallic materials.

Study of Hydration Repulsion of Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes Resistant to Protein Adhesion through Molecular Simulations.

The fabrication of antifouling zwitterionic polymer brushes represents a leading approach to mitigate nonspecific adhesion on the surfaces of medical devices. This investigation seeks to elucidate the correlation between the material composition and structural attributes of these polymer brushes in preventing protein adhesion. To achieve this goal, we modeled three different zwitterionic brushes, namely, carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA), sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), and (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-phosphorylcholine (MPC). The simulations revealed that elevating the grafting density enhances the structural stability, hydration strength, and resistance to protein adhesion exhibited by the polymer brushes. PCBMA manifests a more robust hydration layer, while PMPC demonstrates the slightest interaction with proteins. In a comprehensive evaluation, PSBMA polymer brushes emerged as the best choice with superior stability, enhanced protein repulsion, and minimally induced protein deformation, resulting in effective resistance to nonspecific adhesion. The high-density SBMA polymer brushes significantly reduce the level of protein adhesion in AFM testing. In addition, we have pioneered the quantitative characterization of hydration repulsion in polymer brushes by analyzing the hydration repulsion characteristics at different materials and graft densities. In summary, our study provides a nuanced understanding of the material and structural determinants influencing the capacity of zwitterionic polymer brushes to thwart protein adhesion. Additionally, it presents a quantitative elucidation of hydration repulsion, contributing to the advancement and application of antifouling polymer brushes.

Ni/Mg Dual Concentration-Gradient Surface Modification to Enhance Structural Stability and Electrochemical Performance of Li-Rich Layered Oxides.

Li-rich layered oxides (LRLOs), with the advantages of high specific capacity and low cost, are considered as candidates for the next-generation cathode of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Unfortunately, sluggish kinetics and interfacial degradation lead to capacity loss and voltage decay of the material during cycling. To address these issues, we propose a Ni/Mg dual concentration-gradient modification strategy for LRLOs. From the center to the surface of the modified materials, the contents of Ni and Mg are gradually increased while the content of Mn is decreased. The high Ni content on the surface increases the proportion of cationic redox, elevating the operating voltage and accelerating reaction kinetics. Moreover, the doped Mg on the surface of the material acting as a stabilizing pillar suppresses the migration of transition metals, stabilizing the layered structure. Therefore, the material with the Ni/Mg dual concentration-gradients delivers a superior electrochemical performance, exhibiting a suppressed voltage decay of 2.8 mV per cycle during 200 cycles (1 C, 2-4.8 V) and an excellent rate capability of 94.84 mAh/g at 7C. This study demonstrates a synergic design to construct high-performance LRLO cathode materials for LIBs.

Constructing myosin/high-density lipoprotein composite emulsions: Roles of pH on emulsification stability, rheological and structural properties.

The emulsification activity of myosin plays a significant role in affecting quality of emulsified meat products. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) possesses strong emulsification activity and stability due to its structural characteristics, suggesting potential for its utilization in developing functional emulsified meat products. In order to explore the effect of HDL addition on emulsification stability, rheological properties and structural features of myosin (MS) emulsions, HDL-MS emulsion was prepared by mixing soybean oil with isolated HDL and MS, with pH adjustments ranging from 3.0 to 11.0. The results found that emulsification activity and stability in two emulsion groups consistently improved as pH increased. Under identical pH, HDL-MS emulsion exhibited superior emulsification behavior as compared to MS emulsion. The HDL-MS emulsion under pH of 7.0-11.0 formed a viscoelastic protein layer at the interface, adsorbing more proteins and retarding oil droplet diffusion, leading to enhanced oxidative stability, compared to the MS emulsion. Raman spectroscopy analysis showed more flexible conformational changes in the HDL-MS emulsion. Microstructural observations corroborated these findings, showing a more uniform distribution of droplet sizes in the HDL-MS emulsion with smaller particle sizes. Overall, these determinations suggested that the addition of HDL enhanced the emulsification behavior of MS emulsions, and the composite emulsions demonstrated heightened responsiveness under alkaline conditions. This establishes a theoretical basis for the practical utilization of HDL in emulsified meat products.

Celastrol regulates the oligomeric state and chaperone activity of αB-crystallin linked with protein homeostasis in the lens.

Protein misfolding and aggregation are crucial pathogenic factors for cataracts, which are the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. α-crystallin, as a small molecular chaperone, is involved in preventing protein misfolding and maintaining lens transparency. The chaperone activity of α-crystallin depends on its oligomeric state. Our previous work identified a natural compound, celastrol, which could regulate the oligomeric state of αB-crystallin. In this work, based on the UNcle and SEC analysis, we found that celastrol induced αB-crystallin to form large oligomers. Large oligomer formation enhanced the chaperone activity of αB-crystallin and prevented aggregation of the cataract-causing mutant ßA3-G91del. The interactions between αB-crystallin and celastrol were detected by the FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) technique, and verified by molecular docking. At least 9 binding patterns were recognized, and some binding sites covered the groove structure of αB-crystallin. Interestingly, αB-R120G, a cataract-causing mutation located at the groove structure, and celastrol can decrease the aggregates of αB-R120G. Overall, our results suggested celastrol not only promoted the formation of large αB-crystallin oligomers, which enhanced its chaperone activity, but also bound to the groove structure of its α-crystallin domain to maintain its structural stability. Celastrol might serve as a chemical and pharmacological chaperone for cataract treatment.

Addressing the interaction of stem bromelain with different anionic surfactants, below, at and above the critical micelle concentration (cmc) in phosphate buffer at pH 7: Physicochemical, spectroscopic, & molecular docking study.

The structural stability and therapeutic activity of Stem Bromelain (BM) have been explored by unravelling the interaction of stem BM in presence of two different types of anionic surfactants namely, bile salts, NaC and NaDC and the conventional anionic surfactants, SDDS and SDBS, below, at and above the critical micelle concentration (cmc) in aqueous phosphate buffer of pH 7. Different physicochemical parameters like, surface excess (Γcmc), minimum area of surfactants at air water interface (Amin) etc. are calculated from tensiometry both in absence and presence of BM. Several inflection points (C1, C2 and C3) have been found in tensiometry profile of surfactants in presence of BM due to the conformational change of BM assisted by surfactants. Similar observation also found in isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) profiles where the enthalpy of micellization (ΔH0obs) of surfactants in absence and presence of BM have calculated. Further, steady state absorption and fluorescence spectra monitoring the tryptophan (Trp) emission of free BM and in presence of all the surfactants at three different temperatures (288.15 K, 298.15 K, and 308.15 K) reveal the nature of fluorescence quenching of BM in presence of bile salts/surfactants. Time resolved fluorescence studies at room temperature also support to determine the several quenching parameters. The binding constant (Kb) of BM with all the surfactants and free energy of binding (∆G0 of bile salts/surfactants with BM at different temperatures have been calculated exploiting steady state fluorescence technique. It is observed that, the binding of NaC with BM is greater as compared to other surfactants while Stern-Volmer quenching constant (KSV) is found greater in presence of SDBS as compared with others which supports the surface tension and ITC data with the fact that surface activity of surfactant(s) is decreasing with the binding of the surfactants at the core or binding pocket of BM. Circular Dichroism (CD) study shows the stability of secondary structure of BM in presence of NaC and NaDC below C3, while BM lost its structural stability even at very low surfactant concentration of SDDS and SDBS which also supports the more involvement of bile salts in binding rather than surfactants. The molecular docking studies have also been substantiated for better understanding the several experimental investigations interaction of BM with the bile salts/surfactants.

Revealing the Nature of Binary-Phase on Structural Stability of Sodium Layered Oxide Cathodes.

The emergence of layered sodium transition metal oxides featuring a multiphase structure presents a promising approach for cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries, showcasing notably improved energy storage capacity. However, the advancement of cathodes with multiphase structures faces obstacles due to the limited understanding of the integrated structural effects. Herein, the integrated structural effects by an in-depth structure-chemistry analysis in the developed layered cathode system NaxCu0.1Co0.1Ni0.25Mn0.4Ti0.15O2 with purposely designed P2/O3 phase integration, are comprehended. The results affirm that integrated phase ratio plays a pivotal role in electrochemical/structural stability, particularly at high voltage and with the incorporation of anionic redox. In contrast to previous reports advocating solely for the enhanced electrochemical performance in biphasic structures, it is demonstrated that an inappropriate composite structure is more destructive than a single-phase design. The in situ X-ray diffraction results, coupled with density functional theory computations further confirm that the biphasic structure with P2:O3 = 4:6 shows suppressed irreversible phase transition at high desodiated states and thus exhibits optimized electrochemical performance. These fundamental discoveries provide clues to the design of high-performance layered oxide cathodes for next-generation SIBs.

Engineering a Low-Strain Si@TiSi2@NC Composite for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The huge volume expansion/contraction of silicon (Si) during the lithium (Li) insertion/extraction process, which can lead to cracking and pulverization, poses a substantial impediment to its practical implementation in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The development of low-strain Si-based composite materials is imperative to address the challenges associated with Si anodes. In this study, we have engineered a TiSi2 interface on the surface of Si particles via a high-temperature calcination process, followed by the introduction of an outermost carbon (C) shell, leading to the construction of a low-strain and highly stable Si@TiSi2@NC composite. The robust TiSi2 interface not only enhances electrical and ionic transport but also, more critically, significantly mitigates particle cracking by restraining the stress/strain induced by volumetric variations, thus alleviating pulverization during the lithiation/delithiation process. As a result, the as-fabricated Si@TiSi2@NC electrode exhibits a high initial reversible capacity (2172.7 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1), superior rate performance (1198.4 mAh g-1 at 2.0 A g-1), and excellent long-term cycling stability (847.0 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 2.0 A g-1). Upon pairing with LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622), the assembled Si@TiSi2@NC||NCM622 pouch-type full cell exhibits exceptional cycling stability, retaining 90.1% of its capacity after 160 cycles at 0.5 C.

Impact of Choline Hydroxide-Supported Magnetic Nanoparticles on Peroxidase Activity and Conformational Stability of Cytochrome c.

Nanotechnology has advanced significantly; however, little is known about the potential implications on human health-related issues, particularly blood carrying enzymes. Ionic liquids are also well-recognized for maintaining the structure and activity of enzymes. In this regard, we delineate a facile synthetic approach of preparation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) as well as choline hydroxide [CH][OH] ionic liquid (IL)-supported Fe3O4 NPs (Fe3O4-CHOH). This approach of combining magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with IL results in distinctive properties, which may offer enormous utility in the field of biomedical research due to the effortless separation of MNPs by an external magnetic field. Detailed characterization of MNPs including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out. The biomolecular interactions of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4-CHOH NPs with cytochrome c (Cyt c) were studied in detail using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. From spectroscopic studies, it can be concluded that the secondary structure of Cyt c is more stable in the presence of Fe3O4-CHOH NPs than Fe3O4 NPs. The binding constant of Cyt c in the presence of MNPs was also calculated using the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. Furthermore, dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential, and microscopic studies were performed to study the interaction of Cyt c with MNPs. These studies provided evidence favoring the formation of bionanoconjugates of Cyt c with MNPs. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of Cyt c increases in the presence of both MNPs. The peroxidase activity of Cyt c in MNPs explicitly elucidates that the enzyme is preserved for a long time in the presence of Fe3O4-CHOH NPs. Later on, TEM and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were also performed to gather more information regarding the morphology of Cyt c in the presence of MNPs.