Powered tooth brushes are beneficial for long-term oral health: Results from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND).

AIM: To determine the long-term effects of the use of powered tooth brush (PTB) in comparison to manual tooth brush (MTB) on periodontitis severity, coronal caries experience, and the number of missing teeth using in a population-based cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using 7-year follow-up data of 2214 participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND), comprehensively adjusted linear models using generalized least squares and ordinal regression models estimated the effects of PTB usage on dental outcomes in complete case and imputed data. RESULTS: At follow-up, PTB users had lower medians for mean probing depth (PD; 2.21 mm) and mean clinical attachment levels (1.73 mm) than MTB users (2.30 and 1.96 mm, respectively). Adjusted models revealed the beneficial effects of PTB usage on follow-up levels of plaque, bleeding on probing, mean PD, percentage of sites with PDs ≥4 mm, mean clinical attachment levels (all, interdental, and non-interdental sites, respectively), and the number of missing teeth. For the number of missing teeth, the effects were more pronounced in participants aged ≥50 years. No significant effects of PTB usage on the number of decayed or filled surfaces (all and interdental sites) were found. CONCLUSIONS: A recommendation of PTB usage in dental practice could contribute to the long-term promotion of oral health.

Long-term comparison of the efficacy of manual versus powered tooth brushing in adolescent orthodontic patients: a single-centre, parallel design randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To-date, there is no evidence comparing the long-term efficacy of powered and manual toothbrushes in adolescents undergoing fixed appliance treatment. The trial compared the efficacy of manual versus powered toothbrush in controlling plaque and gingival health in patients undergoing fixed treatment in respect of both the short- and long-term. TRIAL DESIGN: This was a randomized, parallel, controlled single-blind clinical trial, undertaken in a hospital setting, for which the consolidated standards of reporting trials guidelines were followed. METHODS: Ninety-two adolescent participants planned to undergo fixed appliance therapy, were randomly assigned to either a manual or powered toothbrush, with allocation concealment. The outcome measures were plaque and gingival indices and bleeding on probing, assessed at baseline (prior to fixed appliance), one-, six- and 12-months. RESULTS: The final sample included 84 participants, aged 12-18 (M=14.1, SD=1.93) years, with 40 (47%) were using a manual and 44 (52%) a powered toothbrush. The intervention (powered vs. manual toothbrush) itself appeared insignificant with regards to the gingival index (GI) (95%CI -0.1 - 0.03; P=0.26), plaque index (PI) (95%CI -0.13 - 0.14; P=0.93) and bleeding on probing (BoP) (95%CI -0.03 - 0.03; P=0.98) at any of the time points assessed. However, periodontal health indicators and plaque control significantly worsened (p<0.01), over the 12-month follow-up period, following placement of the fixed appliances placement. CONCLUSION: Whilst no differences were found between manual and powered toothbrushes in controlling plaque and gingival health, in participants undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, both were suboptimal and highlighted the need for greater patient support and monitoring. TRIAL REGISTRATION DETAILS: https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN74268923 Trial funding: Colgate-Palmolive (USA).

What characterizes effective tooth brushing of daily users of powered versus manual toothbrushes?

BACKGROUND: Recent data show comparable deficits in oral cleanliness after tooth brushing in habitual users of powered toothbrushes (PT) and manual toothbrushes (MT). The present analysis explores the origin of these deficits by relating aspects of the observed tooth brushing behaviour to plaque after tooth brushing. METHODS: Users of rotating-oscillating PT (N = 48) and of MT (N = 52) brushed their teeth the best they could while being filmed. Video analyses assessed brushing time, number of sextants brushed sufficiently long (7.5 s per surface; NSBSL), brushing of outer surfaces with closed jaws, and brushing movements. Correlation analyses examined the relationship between these parameters and plaque after brushing (Marginal Plaque Index (MPI); Turesky modification of Quigley Hein Index (TQHI)) and gingivitis (Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI)). RESULTS: In PT users, correlations between behaviour and MPI-scores were significant for the NSBSL (outer surfaces: rho = - 0.249; inner surfaces: rho = - 0.510) and brushing duration (outer surfaces: rho = - 0.399; inner surfaces: rho = - 0.509). In MT users, vertical movements on the outer surfaces were positively related to MPI (rho = 0.299). In contrast, circular movements correlated negatively with MPI in those who brushed all outer sextants sufficiently long (n = 47: rho = - 0.294). In both groups, PBI-scores on the inner surfaces were negatively correlated to NSBSL and brushing duration (rho = - 0.327 - rho = - 0.246). CONCLUSION: NSBSL and brushing duration appear to play an important role for brushing effectiveness and gingival health in PT and MT users. Whether PT users apply brushing movements or not apparently does not affect the result. In MT users, circular movements seem to be more efficient than vertical movements on the outer surfaces.

A comparative study for plaque removing efficacy between commonly used denture cleansers in India.

AIM: A comparative study for plaque removing efficacy between toothpaste, liquid handwashing soap, and two chemical-soak denture cleansers (clinsodent denture cleansing powder and fittydent denture cleansing tablet). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 140 healthy complete denture patients were selected and checked for denture cleansing using toothpaste, liquid handwashing soap, and two chemical denture cleansers: Clinsodent powder and fittydent tablets. Cleansing with plain water was kept as control for twenty patients. RESULTS: The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed ranks test for checking the efficacy. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparing the plaque removing efficacies of each denture cleanser used in the study. All four denture cleansers were significantly effective in removing plaque when compared with plain water, but there was no significant difference among them. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference among action of four denture cleansers used in this study. Thus we can infer that patients can use liquid handwashing soap or commercial products to overcome disadvantages of toothpastes. Recommendation from the results of this study is the use of liquid handwashing soap for cleansing after every meal and soaking of the denture in commercial denture cleanser during the night.

An in vitro evaluation of wear and surface roughness of particulate filler composite resin after tooth brushing.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of tooth brushing on wear and surface roughness of four different particulate filler composite resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six specimens (2 mm thick and 8 mm in diameter) of each tested material (Filtek Z250-Microhybrid, SpectrumTPH3-Submicron hybrid, Filtek Z350XT Nanofiller and Filtek P90- Microhybrid) were prepared according to the manufacturer's directions. A brushing sequence of 5000, 10,000 and 20,000 cycles was performed for all the samples. A non-contact profilometer was used to determine average surface roughness (Ra) and wear of the material assessed using an analytic electronic balance at baseline and each cycle interval. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVAs and post-hoc multiple comparison tests. Paired t-test was used for comparisons between cycle intervals for each material. Analyses with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also performed. RESULTS: The resin composite Filtek P 90 presented an increase in percentage weight loss after final toothbrushing cycles over the rest of the materials. Brushing significantly increased roughness (Ra) for all composites. Filtek Z250, after brushing, was significantly rougher than the other resins followed by Filtek P 90, Spectrum TPH 3 and Filtek Z350 XT. However, SEM images indicated severe change in surface topography of 'sub-micron hybrid' specimen compared to each other after tooth brushing. CONCLUSIONS: Wear and surface roughness increased with each cycle interval for all the materials and one composite resin demonstrated a higher increase in surface roughness than the other three tested brands of composite resins. Not much difference was observed in the weight loss between tested samples.

A Simple Step-by-Step Technique for the Management of Gagging in Edentulous Patient.

Gagging presents a clinical challenge to the dentist in all aspects of treatment starting from diagnostic procedures to active treatment. There is no single cause associated with gagging. For successful management, it is very important to find the cause and plan the treatment accordingly. This article describes a simple step-by-step technique for eliminating the gag reflex in an edentulous patient. This simple approach helped the patient to relax and eliminate the phobia of dental treatment. It also enhanced the patient's ability to continue the dental procedure.

Comparison of the efficacy of parental brushing using powered versus manual tooth brush: A randomized, four-period, two-treatment, single-blinded crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Children <5 years of age need parental assistance with tooth brushing. PURPOSE: The aim is to compare the efficacy of manual and powered toothbrushes for plaque removal when used by parents to brush their children's teeth. METHODS: This randomized, four-period, two-treatment, examiner-blinded, crossover clinical trial comprised children aged 3-5 years. Tooth brushing was performed by the parent using a manual or powered toothbrush. Pre- and post-brushing plaque assessments were performed using the Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index. Differences in plaque scores were calculated using the paired t-test. RESULTS: A significant difference (P < 0.001) in the reduction of the plaque score was observed between the manual and powered tooth brushing groups. CONCLUSION: Powered toothbrushes performed significantly better than manual toothbrushes in terms of plaque removal when used by parents to brush their child's teeth.

Contaminated tooth brushes-potential threat to oral and general health.

BACKGROUND: Tooth brushing is most common method of maintaining oral hygiene. In removing plaque and other soft debris from the teeth, tooth brushes become contaminated with bacteria, blood, saliva and oral debris. These contaminated tooth brushes can be a source of infection. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of microorganisms in the tooth brushes and to investigate the effect of disinfectants such as chlorhexidine gluconate, sodium hypochlorite and water to decontaminate them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one children were asked to brush their teeth for 5 days with a tooth brush. The tooth brushes were put in Robertson's Cooked Meat broth and were observed for growth of Streptococcal microorganisms. These tooth brushes were then placed in disinfectants such as 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (Group I), 1% sodium hypochlorite (Group II) and water (Group III) for 24 hrs and then cultured again. Reduction of growth of microorganisms was seen in Group I, Group II and remnants of growth seen in Group III. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the use of disinfectant for a tooth brush is a must for every individual at least at regular intervals.

Comparative evaluation of surface properties of enamel and different esthetic restorative materials under erosive and abrasive challenges: An in vitro study.

INTRODUCTION: Noncarious tooth surface loss is a normal physiological process occurring throughout the life, but it can often become a problem affecting function, esthetics or cause pain. AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of erosive and abrasive challenges on the surface microhardness and surface wear of enamel and three different restorative materials, that is, nanofilled composite, microfilled composite and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) by using Vickers microhardness tester and profilometer respectively. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Nanofilled composite (Filtek(™) Z350 × T), microfilled composite (Heliomolar(®)) and RMGIC (Fuji II LC) were used in the study. RESULTS: Nanofilled composite resin has the best resistance to erosion and/or abrasion among all the materials tested, followed by microfilled composite and RMGIC respectively. CONCLUSION: Toothbrush abrasion has a synergistic effect with erosion on substance loss of human enamel, composites, and RMGIC. The susceptibility to acid and/or toothbrush abrasion of human enamel was higher compared to restorative materials.

Comparison of manual toothbrushes with different bristle designs in terms of cleaning efficacy and potential role on gingival recession.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare the efficacy of plaque control and potential effects on gingival recession of the toothbrushes with angled and straight bristles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 healthy dental students (25 females and 15 males; age range: 23-25 years) participated and two study groups were constituted. Participants were randomly distributed into two groups to use either angled or standard design manual tooth brushes with soft bristles. Oral hygiene indicators and soft tissue levels were monitored for 6 months. Plaque index, gingival index (GI), probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing were measured at six sites. Vertical recession (VR) and horizontal recession (HR) were also recorded. All measurements were repeated at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: Plaque scores were reduced significantly at 6 months compared to baseline in both groups (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005 in criss-cross and standard design brushes, respectively). Mean GI scores of the criss-cross design were reduced significantly at 6 months (P < 0.05). Inter-group comparisons revealed that gingival recession (GR) values were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) at baseline, 3 and 6 months suggesting no pronounced impact of bristle design in terms of GR (VR = 0.596, HR = 0.572; VR = 0.884, HR = 0.572; VR = 0.884, HR = 0.572 in the groups). CONCLUSIONS: Bristle design has little impact on plaque removal capacity of a toothbrush. Both designs are safe enough to prevent GR as long as soft bristle material is used.

Association of dentine hypersensitivity with different risk factors - a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study was done to assess the prevalence of Dentine hypersensitivity (DH) and its associated risk factors. MATERIALS & METHODS: This epidemiological study was done among patients coming to dental college regarding prevalence of DH. A self structured questionnaire along with clinical examination was done for assessment. Descriptive statistics were obtained and frequency distribution was calculated using Chi square test at p value <0.05. Stepwise multiple linear regression was also done to access frequency of DH with different factors. RESULTS: The study population was comprised of 655 participants with different age groups. Our study showed prevalence as 55% and it was more common among males. Similarly smokers and those who use hard tooth brush had more cases of DH. Step wise multiple linear regression showed that best predictor for DH was age followed by habit of smoking and type of tooth brush. Most aggravating factors were cold water (15.4%) and sweet foods (14.7%), whereas only 5% of the patients had it while brushing. CONCLUSION: A high level of dental hypersensitivity has been in this study and more common among males. A linear finding was shown with age, smoking and type of tooth brush. How to cite this article: Vijaya V, Sanjay V, Varghese RK, Ravuri R, Agarwal A. Association of Dentine Hypersensitivity with Different Risk Factors - A Cross Sectional Study. J Int Oral Health 2013;5(6):88-92 .

Isolation of epithelial cells from tooth brush and gender identification by amplification of SRY gene.

INTRODUCTION: This study determines the importance of tooth brush from which DNA can be isolated and used for sex determination in forensic analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 samples were collected and stored at room temperature for different periods of time interval. The epithelial cells adhered to the bristles of tooth brush were collected and genomic DNA was extracted and quantified using Nanodrop 1000 spectrophotometer. RESULTS: Gender identification was done by amplification of sex determining region on Y chromosome (SRY) gene using real-time polymerase chain reaction and minimal amount of DNA (in pico grams) with 100% sensitivity and 73.3% specificity, i.e., all male samples showed positive results and out of 15 female samples 4 showed false positive results, i.e wrongly identified as males. CONCLUSION: With this study, we conclude that PCR is a valuable and sensitive procedure where minute contamination may cause alteration in the result, i.e, 4 females showed false positive result. Minute amount of DNA in picograms, which was collected at different intervals is enough for amplification of SRY gene and tooth brush can be used as one of the very valuable sources of gender identification.