Relationship of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen and Reverse Transcription PCR Positivity for Viral Cultures.

We assessed the relationship between antigen and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) test positivity and successful virus isolation. We found that antigen test results were more predictive of virus recovery than RT-PCR results. However, virus was isolated from some antigen-negative and RT-PCR‒positive paired specimens, providing support for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention antigen testing algorithm.

COVID-19 Antigen Results Correlate with the Quantity of Replication-Competent SARS-CoV-2 in a Cross-Sectional Study of Ambulatory Adults during the Delta Wave.

Appropriate interpretation of various diagnostic tests for COVID-19 is critical, yet the association among rapid antigen tests, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and viral culture has not been fully defined. To determine whether rapid antigen testing correlates with the presence and quantity of replication-competent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in ambulatory adults, 626 adult participants were enrolled in a cross-sectional diagnostic study. Each participant had two anterior nasal swabs obtained for rapid antigen and RT-PCR testing and SARS-CoV-2 viral culture. The primary outcomes were the presence and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 growth in VeroE6-ACE2-TMPRSS2 cells in asymptomatic and symptomatic ambulatory adults. In this cross-sectional study of 626 adult outpatients, the sensitivity of a single positive antigen test to identify replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 was 63.6% in asymptomatic and 91.0% in symptomatic participants. Viral culture titers were the highest at the onset of symptoms and rapidly declined by 7 days after symptom onset. The positive agreement of the rapid antigen test with RT-PCR at a cycle threshold CT less than 30 was 66.7% in asymptomatic and 90.7% in symptomatic participants. Among symptomatic participants a with a CT less than 30, a single antigen test had a positive agreement of 90.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.8% to 94.8%). There was 100% negative agreement as all 425 RT-PCR-negative participants had a negative antigen test. A positive antigen test in symptomatic adults with COVID-19 has a strong correlation with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2. Rapid antigen test results may be a suitable proxy for infectiousness. IMPORTANCE Do rapid antigen test results correlate with replication-competent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (i.e., infectious) virus? In this cross-sectional diagnostic study of 626 adults, the sensitivity of the antigen test to identify replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 was 63.6% in asymptomatic and 91.0% in symptomatic participants. Viral culture titers were the highest at the onset of symptoms and rapidly declined by 7 days after symptom onset. The positive agreement of the rapid antigen test with reverse transcription (RT)-PCR at a CT of less than 30 was 66.7% in asymptomatic participants and 90.7% in symptomatic participants. A positive antigen test may be an appropriate surrogate for identifying replication-competent virus in symptomatic individuals with COVID-19.

The effect of ivermectin on the viral load and culture viability in early treatment of nonhospitalized patients with mild COVID-19 - a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Ivermectin, an antiparasitic agent, also has antiviral properties. In this study, we aimed to assess whether ivermectin has anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. METHODS: In this double-blinded trial, we compared patients receiving ivermectin for 3 days versus placebo in nonhospitalized adult patients with COVID-19. A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from a nasopharyngeal swab was obtained at recruitment and every 2 days for at least 6 days. The primary endpoint was a reduction of viral load on the sixth day as reflected by cycle threshold level >30 (noninfectious level). The primary outcome was supported by the determination of viral-culture viability. RESULTS: Of 867 patients screened, 89 were ultimately evaluated per-protocol (47 ivermectin and 42 placeboes). On day 6, the odds ratio (OR) was 2.62 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-6.31) in the ivermectin arm, reaching the endpoint. In a multivariable logistic regression model, the odds of a negative test on day 6 were 2.28 times higher in the ivermectin group but reached significance only on day 8 (OR 3.70; 95% CI: 1.19-11.49, P = 0.02). Culture viability on days 2 to 6 was positive in 13.0% (3/23) of ivermectin samples versus 48.2% (14/29) in the placebo group (P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: There were lower viral loads and less viable cultures in the ivermectin group, which shows its anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. It could reduce transmission in these patients and encourage further studies with this drug.

Herpesviradae infections in severely burned children.

OBJECTIVE: Burn-related immunosuppression can promote human herpesviridae infections. However, the effect of these infections on morbidity and mortality after pediatric burn injuries is unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed pediatric patients with burns ≥10% of the total body surface area (TBSA) who were admitted between 2010 and 2015. On clinical suspicion of a viral infection, antiviral therapy was initiated. Viral infection was confirmed via Tzanck smear, viral culture, and/or PCR. Study endpoints were mortality, days of antiviral agent administration, type of viral test used, type of viral infection, and length of hospitalization. RESULTS: Of the 613 patients were analyzed, 28 presented with clinically diagnosed viral infections. The use of Tzanck smears decreased over the past 5 years, whereas PCR and viral cultures have become standard. Patients with viral infections had significantly larger burns (53±15% vs. 38±18%, p<0.001); however, length of stay per TBSA burn was comparable (0.5±0.4 vs. 0.6±0.2, p=0.211). The most commonly detected herpesviridae was herpes simplex virus 1. Two patients died due to sepsis, which was accompanied by HSV infection. The mortality rate among all patients (2.7%) was comparable to that in the infected group (7.1%, p=0.898). Acyclovir was given systemically for 9±8days (N=76) and/or topically for 9±9days for HSV (N=39, combination of both N=33). Ganciclovir was prescribed in three cases for CMV. CONCLUSIONS: Viral infections occur more commonly in patients suffering from larger burns, and HSV infections can contribute to mortality.