RESUMO
The cGAS-STING signalling axis, comprising the synthase for the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAS) and the cyclic GMP-AMP receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING), detects pathogenic DNA to trigger an innate immune reaction involving a strong type I interferon response against microbial infections. Notably however, besides sensing microbial DNA, the DNA sensor cGAS can also be activated by endogenous DNA, including extranuclear chromatin resulting from genotoxic stress and DNA released from mitochondria, placing cGAS-STING as an important axis in autoimmunity, sterile inflammatory responses and cellular senescence. Initial models assumed that co-localization of cGAS and DNA in the cytosol defines the specificity of the pathway for non-self, but recent work revealed that cGAS is also present in the nucleus and at the plasma membrane, and such subcellular compartmentalization was linked to signalling specificity of cGAS. Further confounding the simple view of cGAS-STING signalling as a response mechanism to infectious agents, both cGAS and STING were shown to have additional functions, independent of interferon response. These involve non-catalytic roles of cGAS in regulating DNA repair and signalling via STING to NF-κB and MAPK as well as STING-mediated induction of autophagy and lysosome-dependent cell death. We have also learnt that cGAS dimers can multimerize and undergo liquid-liquid phase separation to form biomolecular condensates that could importantly regulate cGAS activation. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms and cellular functions underlying cGAS-STING activation and signalling, particularly highlighting the newly emerging diversity of this signalling pathway and discussing how the specificity towards normal, damage-induced and infection-associated DNA could be achieved.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Animais , Autofagia , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , GMP Cíclico/metabolismo , GMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Citosol/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismo , Humanos , Interferon Tipo I/genética , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/fisiologia , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos , Nucleotidiltransferases/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Hair cells of the auditory and vestibular systems transform mechanical input into electrical potentials through the mechanoelectrical transduction process (MET). Deflection of the mechanosensory hair bundle increases tension in the gating springs that open MET channels. Regulation of MET channel sensitivity contributes to the auditory system's precision, wide dynamic range and, potentially, protection from overexcitation. Modulating the stiffness of the gating spring modulates the sensitivity of the MET process. Here, we investigated the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in rat outer hair cell MET and found that cAMP up-regulation lowers the sensitivity of the channel in a manner consistent with decreasing gating spring stiffness. Direct measurements of the mechanical properties of the hair bundle confirmed a decrease in gating spring stiffness with cAMP up-regulation. In parallel, we found that prolonged depolarization mirrored the effects of cAMP. Finally, a limited number of experiments implicate that cAMP activates the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP to mediate the changes in MET sensitivity. These results reveal that cAMP signaling modulates gating spring stiffness to affect auditory sensitivity.
Assuntos
AMP Cíclico , Células Ciliadas Auditivas Externas , Audição , Mecanotransdução Celular , Animais , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Células Ciliadas Auditivas Externas/fisiologia , Audição/fisiologia , Mecanotransdução Celular/fisiologia , RatosRESUMO
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is released by platelets upon activation and can increase platelet activation, but its role in hemostasis in vivo is unclear. We show that TSP-1 is a critical mediator of hemostasis that promotes platelet activation by modulating inhibitory cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. Genetic deletion of TSP-1 did not affect platelet activation in vitro, but in vivo models of hemostasis and thrombosis showed that TSP-1-deficient mice had prolonged bleeding, defective thrombosis, and increased sensitivity to the prostacyclin mimetic iloprost. Adoptive transfer of wild-type (WT) but not TSP-1-/- platelets ameliorated the thrombotic phenotype, suggesting a key role for platelet-derived TSP-1. In functional assays, TSP-1-deficient platelets showed an increased sensitivity to cAMP signaling, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and arrest under flow by prostacyclin (PGI2). Plasma swap experiments showed that plasma TSP-1 did not correct PGI2 hypersensitivity in TSP-1-/- platelets. By contrast, incubation of TSP-1-/- platelets with releasates from WT platelets or purified TSP-1, but not releasates from TSP-1-/- platelets, reduced the inhibitory effects of PGI2. Activation of WT platelets resulted in diminished cAMP accumulation and downstream signaling, which was associated with increased activity of the cAMP hydrolyzing enzyme phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A). PDE3A activity and cAMP accumulation were unaffected in platelets from TSP-1-/- mice. Platelets deficient in CD36, a TSP-1 receptor, showed increased sensitivity to PGI2/cAMP signaling and diminished PDE3A activity, which was unaffected by platelet-derived or purified TSP-1. This scenario suggests that the release of TSP-1 regulates hemostasis in vivo through modulation of platelet cAMP signaling at sites of vascular injury.
Assuntos
Plaquetas/fisiologia , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Transtornos Hemorrágicos/genética , Hemostasia/fisiologia , Trombospondina 1/fisiologia , Animais , Tempo de Sangramento , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Antígenos CD36/deficiência , Antígenos CD36/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Cloretos/toxicidade , Nucleotídeo Cíclico Fosfodiesterase do Tipo 3/metabolismo , Grânulos Citoplasmáticos/metabolismo , Epoprostenol/fisiologia , Compostos Férricos/toxicidade , Humanos , Iloprosta/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Transfusão de Plaquetas , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/fisiologia , Trombose/induzido quimicamente , Trombose/prevenção & controle , Trombospondina 1/deficiência , Trombospondina 1/farmacologiaRESUMO
Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance remains a clinical challenge in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia where response to GC is a reliable prognostic indicator. To identify GC resistance pathways, we conducted a genome-wide, survival-based, short hairpin RNA screen in murine T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells. Genes identified in the screen interfere with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and are underexpressed in GC-resistant or relapsed ALL patients. Silencing of the cAMP-activating Gnas gene interfered with GC-induced gene expression, resulting in dexamethasone resistance in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that cAMP signaling synergizes with dexamethasone to enhance cell death in GC-resistant human T-ALL cells. We find the E prostanoid receptor 4 expressed in T-ALL samples and demonstrate that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases intracellular cAMP, potentiates GC-induced gene expression, and sensitizes human T-ALL samples to dexamethasone in vitro and in vivo. These findings identify PGE2 as a target for GC resensitization in relapsed pediatric T-ALL.
Assuntos
AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Dinoprostona/farmacologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/efeitos dos fármacos , 1-Metil-3-Isobutilxantina/farmacologia , Animais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Criança , Cromograninas/antagonistas & inibidores , Colforsina/farmacologia , AMP Cíclico/farmacologia , Dexametasona/administração & dosagem , Dinoprostona/administração & dosagem , Dinoprostona/antagonistas & inibidores , Dinoprostona/fisiologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/fisiologia , Feminino , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/antagonistas & inibidores , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/deficiência , Regulação Leucêmica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Modelos Animais , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biossíntese , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/patologia , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacologia , Quimera por Radiação , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/biossíntese , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/fisiologia , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP4/biossíntese , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP4/genética , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Elucidation of the mechanism of dopamine signaling to ERK that underlies plasticity in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons leading to acquired cocaine preference is incomplete. NCS-Rapgef2 is a novel cAMP effector, expressed in neuronal and endocrine cells in adult mammals, that is required for D1 dopamine receptor-dependent ERK phosphorylation in mouse brain. In this report, we studied the effects of abrogating NCS-Rapgef2 expression on cAMP-dependent ERKâEgr-1/Zif268 signaling in cultured neuroendocrine cells; in D1 medium spiny neurons of NAc slices; and in either male or female mouse brain in a region-specific manner. NCS-Rapgef2 gene deletion in the NAc in adult mice, using adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of cre recombinase, eliminated cocaine-induced ERK phosphorylation and Egr-1/Zif268 upregulation in D1-medium spiny neurons and cocaine-induced behaviors, including locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference. Abrogation of NCS-Rapgef2 gene expression in mPFC and BLA, by crossing mice bearing a floxed Rapgef2 allele with a cre mouse line driven by calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIα promoter also eliminated cocaine-induced phospho-ERK activation and Egr-1/Zif268 induction, but without effect on the cocaine-induced behaviors. Our results indicate that NCS-Rapgef2 signaling to ERK in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons in the NAc, but not in corticolimbic areas, contributes to cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference. Ablation of cocaine-dependent ERK activation by elimination of NCS-Rapgef2 occurred with no effect on phosphorylation of CREB in D1 dopaminoceptive neurons of NAc. This study reveals a new cAMP-dependent signaling pathway for cocaine-induced behavioral adaptations, mediated through NCS-Rapgef2/phospho-ERK activation, independently of PKA/CREB signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT ERK phosphorylation in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons exerts a pivotal role in psychostimulant-induced neuronal gene regulation and behavioral adaptation, including locomotor sensitization and drug preference in rodents. In this study, we examined the role of dopamine signaling through the D1 receptor via a novel pathway initiated through the cAMP-activated guanine nucleotide exchange factor NCS-Rapgef2 in mice. NCS-Rapgef2 in the NAc is required for activation of ERK and Egr-1/Zif268 in D1 dopaminoceptive neurons after acute cocaine administration, and subsequent enhanced locomotor response and drug seeking behavior after repeated cocaine administration. This novel component in dopamine signaling provides a potential new target for intervention in psychostimulant-shaped behaviors, and new understanding of how D1-medium spiny neurons encode the experience of psychomotor stimulant exposure.
Assuntos
Cocaína/farmacologia , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Captação de Dopamina/farmacologia , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Dopamina D1/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/genética , Proteína 1 de Resposta de Crescimento Precoce/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/genética , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Núcleo Accumbens/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Estriado Ventral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
GoldenBraid is a rapid, modular, and robust cloning system used to assemble and combine genetic elements. Dictyostelium amoebae represent an intriguing synthetic biological chassis with tractable applications in development, chemotaxis, bacteria-host interactions, and allorecognition. We present GoldenBraid as a synthetic biological framework for Dictyostelium, including a library of 250 DNA parts and assemblies and a proof-of-concept strain that illustrates cAMP-chemotaxis with four fluorescent reporters coded by one plasmid.
Assuntos
Clonagem Molecular/métodos , Dictyostelium/genética , Quimiotaxia , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Dictyostelium/fisiologia , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Biologia Sintética/métodosRESUMO
The second messenger cAMP is an important determinant of synaptic plasticity that is associated with enhanced neurotransmitter release. Long-term potentiation (LTP) at parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses depends on a Ca2+-induced increase in presynaptic cAMP that is mediated by Ca2+-sensitive adenylyl cyclases. However, the upstream signaling and the downstream targets of cAMP involved in these events remain poorly understood. It is unclear whether cAMP generated by ß-adrenergic receptors (ßARs) is required for PF-PC LTP, although noradrenergic varicosities are apposed in PF-PC contacts. Guanine nucleotide exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP [Epac proteins (Epac 1-2)] are alternative cAMP targets to protein kinase A (PKA) and Epac2 is abundant in the cerebellum. However, whether Epac proteins participate in PF-PC LTP is not known. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that ßARs are expressed in PF boutons. Moreover, activation of these receptors through their agonist isoproterenol potentiated synaptic transmission in cerebellar slices from mice of either sex, an effect that was insensitive to the PKA inhibitors (H-89, KT270) but that was blocked by the Epac inhibitor ESI 05. Interestingly, prior activation of these ßARs occluded PF-PC LTP, while the ß1AR antagonist metoprolol blocked PF-PC LTP, which was also absent in Epac2-/- mice. PF-PC LTP is associated with an increase in the size of the readily releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles, consistent with the isoproterenol-induced increase in vesicle docking in cerebellar slices. Thus, the ßAR-mediated modulation of the release machinery and the subsequent increase in the size of the RRP contributes to PF-PC LTP.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT G-protein-coupled receptors modulate the release machinery, causing long-lasting changes in synaptic transmission that influence synaptic plasticity. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying synaptic responses to ß-adrenergic receptor (ßAR) activation remain poorly understood. An increase in the number of synaptic vesicles primed for exocytosis accounts for the potentiation of neurotransmitter release driven by ßARs. This effect is not mediated by the canonical protein kinase A pathway but rather, through direct activation of the guanine nucleotide exchange protein Epac by cAMP. Interestingly, this ßAR signaling via Epac is involved in long term potentiation at cerebellar granule cell-to-Purkinje cell synapses. Thus, the pharmacological activation of ßARs modulates synaptic plasticity and opens therapeutic opportunities to control this phenomenon.
Assuntos
Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/fisiologia , Potenciação de Longa Duração/fisiologia , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/fisiologia , Vesículas Sinápticas/fisiologia , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Animais , Cerebelo/citologia , Cerebelo/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Feminino , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/genética , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Células de Purkinje/fisiologia , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/genética , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Vesículas Sinápticas/ultraestruturaRESUMO
The broadly conserved signaling nucleotide cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is essential for viability in most bacteria where it has been studied. However, characterization of the cellular functions and metabolism of c-di-AMP has largely been confined to the class Bacilli, limiting our functional understanding of the molecule among diverse phyla. We identified the cyclase responsible for c-di-AMP synthesis and characterized the molecule's role in survival of darkness in the model photosynthetic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. In addition to the use of traditional genetic, biochemical, and proteomic approaches, we developed a high-throughput genetic interaction screen (IRB-Seq) to determine pathways where the signaling nucleotide is active. We found that in S. elongatus c-di-AMP is produced by an enzyme of the diadenylate cyclase family, CdaA, which was previously unexplored experimentally. A cdaA-null mutant experiences increased oxidative stress and death during the nighttime portion of day-night cycles, in which potassium transport is implicated. These findings suggest that c-di-AMP is biologically active in cyanobacteria and has non-canonical roles in the phylum including oxidative stress management and day-night survival. The pipeline and analysis tools for IRB-Seq developed for this study constitute a quantitative high-throughput approach for studying genetic interactions.
Assuntos
AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala/métodos , Synechococcus/fisiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Mutação , Estresse Oxidativo , Fósforo-Oxigênio Liases/metabolismo , Proteômica , Transdução de Sinais , Synechococcus/genética , Synechococcus/metabolismoRESUMO
Learning and memory rely on dopamine and downstream cAMP-dependent plasticity across diverse organisms. Despite the central role of cAMP signaling, it is not known how cAMP-dependent plasticity drives coherent changes in neuronal physiology that encode the memory trace, or engram. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is critically involved in olfactory classical conditioning, and cAMP signaling molecules are necessary and sufficient for normal memory in intrinsic MB neurons. To evaluate the role of cAMP-dependent plasticity in learning, we examined how cAMP manipulations and olfactory classical conditioning modulate olfactory responses in the MB with in vivo imaging. Elevating cAMP pharmacologically or optogenetically produced plasticity in MB neurons, altering their responses to odorants. Odor-evoked Ca2+ responses showed net facilitation across anatomical regions. At the single-cell level, neurons exhibited heterogeneous responses to cAMP elevation, suggesting that cAMP drives plasticity to discrete subsets of MB neurons. Olfactory appetitive conditioning enhanced MB odor responses, mimicking the cAMP-dependent plasticity in directionality and magnitude. Elevating cAMP to equivalent levels as appetitive conditioning also produced plasticity, suggesting that the cAMP generated during conditioning affects odor-evoked responses in the MB. Finally, we found that this plasticity was dependent on the Rutabaga type I adenylyl cyclase, linking cAMP-dependent plasticity to behavioral modification. Overall, these data demonstrate that learning produces robust cAMP-dependent plasticity in intrinsic MB neurons, which is biased toward naturalistic reward learning. This suggests that cAMP signaling may serve to modulate intrinsic MB responses toward salient stimuli.
Assuntos
Condicionamento Clássico/fisiologia , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Corpos Pedunculados/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Olfato/fisiologia , Animais , Drosophila/fisiologia , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , OdorantesRESUMO
Circadian clocks impose daily periodicities to animal behavior and physiology. At their core, circadian rhythms are produced by intracellular transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFL). TTFLs may be altered by extracellular signals whose actions are mediated intracellularly by calcium and cAMP. In mammals these messengers act directly on TTFLs via the calcium/cAMP-dependent transcription factor, CREB. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, calcium and cAMP also regulate the periodicity of circadian locomotor activity rhythmicity, but whether this is due to direct actions on the TTFLs themselves or are a consequence of changes induced to the complex interrelationship between different classes of central pacemaker neurons is unclear. Here we investigated this question focusing on the peripheral clock housed in the non-neuronal prothoracic gland (PG), which, together with the central pacemaker in the brain, controls the timing of adult emergence. We show that genetic manipulations that increased and decreased the levels of calcium and cAMP in the PG caused, respectively, a shortening and a lengthening of the periodicity of emergence. Importantly, knockdown of CREB in the PG caused an arrhythmic pattern of eclosion. Interestingly, the same manipulations directed at central pacemaker neurons caused arrhythmicity of eclosion and of adult locomotor activity, suggesting a common mechanism. Our results reveal that the calcium and cAMP pathways can alter the functioning of the clock itself. In the PG, these messengers, acting as outputs of the clock or as second messengers for stimuli external to the PG, could also contribute to the circadian gating of adult emergence.
Assuntos
Cálcio/fisiologia , Relógios Circadianos/fisiologia , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Drosophila melanogaster/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Animais , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Canais de Cálcio/genética , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Glândulas Endócrinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Locomoção/fisiologia , Masculino , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio do Retículo Sarcoplasmático/genética , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio do Retículo Sarcoplasmático/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) do not respond with increased urinary HCO3- excretion after stimulation with secretin and often present with metabolic alkalosis. METHODS: By combining RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, isolated tubule perfusion, in vitro cell studies, and in vivo studies in different mouse models, we elucidated the mechanism of secretin-induced urinary HCO3- excretion. For CF patients and CF mice, we developed a HCO3- drinking test to assess the role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in urinary HCO3-excretion and applied it in the patients before and after treatment with the novel CFTR modulator drug, lumacaftor-ivacaftor. RESULTS: ß-Intercalated cells express basolateral secretin receptors and apical CFTR and pendrin. In vivo application of secretin induced a marked urinary alkalization, an effect absent in mice lacking pendrin or CFTR. In perfused cortical collecting ducts, secretin stimulated pendrin-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchange. In collecting ducts in CFTR knockout mice, baseline pendrin activity was significantly lower and not responsive to secretin. Notably, patients with CF (F508del/F508del) and CF mice showed a greatly attenuated or absent urinary HCO3--excreting ability. In patients, treatment with the CFTR modulator drug lumacaftor-ivacaftor increased the renal ability to excrete HCO3-. CONCLUSIONS: These results define the mechanism of secretin-induced urinary HCO3- excretion, explain metabolic alkalosis in patients with CF, and suggest feasibility of an in vivo human CF urine test to validate drug efficacy.
Assuntos
Bicarbonatos/metabolismo , Fibrose Cística/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Animais , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/fisiologia , Receptores dos Hormônios Gastrointestinais/genética , Receptores dos Hormônios Gastrointestinais/fisiologia , Secretina/farmacologiaRESUMO
When, in the 1980s, I became interested in the spermatology of fish under the light microscope, active spermatozoa were only visible thanks to their head presenting a sort of "tremor." This situation was quite frustrating given the lack of possible information regarding the motor part called flagellum. We decided to apply simple technologies, including photography. Due to the high speed of the moving fish flagellum, the microscope illumination used a pulsed light strobe combined with a dark field microscope to record the flagellum image despite its small diameter (< 0.5 µm). Then came high-speed cinematographic microscopy up to 200 fps, as well as video cameras. At the end of the 1990s, an automatic moving object video tracking system began to be commercialized (CASA) with main advantages such as (a) a large number of cells tracked, which greatly improves statistics, (b) computer assistance allowing an automatic analysis that provides many motility parameters. Nevertheless, CASA systems are still unable to provide information about fish sperm flagella that move fast. During the 1990s, analog video camera technologies allowed acquisition of flagellum images with high resolution for detailed analysis. Since the 2000s, the use of high-speed video cameras allows the acquisition of images at a much higher resolution and frequency, up to 10,000 frames per second. Since it became possible to visualize the flagella in motion, a noble function was added to that of a propeller: that of a rudder with what a spermatozoon responds to specific signals delivered by the egg for its guidance. In the future, one can wish that an automatic flagella movement analyzer will become functional. This brief anthology puts forward the large amount of progress accomplished during past 40-year period about spermatozoa movement analysis, especially in fish.
Assuntos
Biologia do Desenvolvimento/história , Peixes/fisiologia , Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Animais , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Fertilização , História do Século XVII , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Hidrodinâmica , Masculino , Potássio/fisiologia , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides , TemperaturaRESUMO
Bacteria respond to changes in environmental conditions through adaptation to external cues. Frequently, bacteria employ nucleotide signaling molecules to mediate a specific, rapid response. Cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) was recently discovered to be a bacterial second messenger that is essential for viability in many species. In this review, we highlight recent work that has described the roles of c-di-AMP in bacterial responses to various stress conditions. These studies show that depending on the lifestyle and environmental niche of the bacterial species, the c-di-AMP signaling network results in diverse outcomes, such as regulating osmolyte transport, controlling plant attachment, or providing a checkpoint for spore formation. c-di-AMP achieves this signaling specificity through expression of different classes of synthesis and catabolic enzymes as well as receptor proteins and RNAs, which will be summarized.
Assuntos
Bactérias/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cianobactérias/fisiologia , Dano ao DNA/fisiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/fisiologia , Homeostase/fisiologia , Concentração OsmolarRESUMO
The discovery of a G-protein-coupled receptor for lactate named hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) in neurons has pointed to additional nonmetabolic effects of lactate for regulating neuronal network activity. In this study, we characterized the intracellular pathways engaged by HCAR1 activation, using mouse primary cortical neurons from wild-type (WT) and HCAR1 knock-out (KO) mice from both sexes. Using whole-cell patch clamp, we found that the activation of HCAR1 with 3-chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (3Cl-HBA) decreased miniature EPSC frequency, increased paired-pulse ratio, decreased firing frequency, and modulated membrane intrinsic properties. Using fast calcium imaging, we show that HCAR1 agonists 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3Cl-HBA, and lactate decreased by 40% spontaneous calcium spiking activity of primary cortical neurons from WT but not from HCAR1 KO mice. Notably, in neurons lacking HCAR1, the basal activity was increased compared with WT. HCAR1 mediates its effect in neurons through a Giα-protein. We observed that the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A axis is involved in HCAR1 downmodulation of neuronal activity. We found that HCAR1 interacts with adenosine A1, GABAB, and α2A-adrenergic receptors, through a mechanism involving both its Giα and Gißγ subunits, resulting in a complex modulation of neuronal network activity. We conclude that HCAR1 activation in neurons causes a downmodulation of neuronal activity through presynaptic mechanisms and by reducing neuronal excitability. HCAR1 activation engages both Giα and Gißγ intracellular pathways to functionally interact with other Gi-coupled receptors for the fine tuning of neuronal activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Expression of the lactate receptor hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) was recently described in neurons. Here, we describe the physiological role of this G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and its activation in neurons, providing information on its expression and mechanism of action. We dissected out the intracellular pathway through which HCAR1 activation tunes down neuronal network activity. For the first time, we provide evidence for the functional cross talk of HCAR1 with other GPCRs, such as GABAB, adenosine A1- and α2A-adrenergic receptors. These results set HCAR1 as a new player for the regulation of neuronal network activity acting in concert with other established receptors. Thus, HCAR1 represents a novel therapeutic target for pathologies characterized by network hyperexcitability dysfunction, such as epilepsy.
Assuntos
Proteínas Heterotriméricas de Ligação ao GTP/fisiologia , Lactatos/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/fisiologia , Potenciais de Ação , Animais , Sinalização do Cálcio/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores/fisiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos em Miniatura/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos em Miniatura/fisiologia , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/agonistas , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/deficiência , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Cultura Primária de Células , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/deficiência , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor agonists are neuroprotective in CNS injury models. However, the neuroprotective functional implications and synaptic mechanism of 8-hydroxy-2- (di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a serotonin receptor (5-HT1A) agonist, in an adult male Wistar rat model of chronic glaucoma model remain unknown. We found that ocular hypertension decreased 5-HT1A receptor expression in rat retinas because the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was significantly reduced in rats with induced ocular hypertension relative to that in control retinas and 8-OH-DPAT enhanced the RGC viability. The protective effects of 8-OH-DPAT were blocked by intravitreal administration of the selective 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 or the selective GABAA receptor antagonist SR95531. Using patch-clamp techniques, spontaneous and miniature GABAergic IPSCs (sIPSCs and mIPSCs, respectively) of RGCs in rat retinal slices were recorded. 8-OH-DPAT significantly increased the frequency and amplitude of GABAergic sIPSCs and mIPSCs in ON- and OFF-type RGCs. Among the signaling cascades mediated by the 5-HT1A receptor, the role of cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling was investigated. The 8-OH-DPAT-induced changes at the synaptic level were enhanced by PKA inhibition by H-89 and blocked by PKA activation with bucladesine. Furthermore, the density of phosphorylated PKA (p-PKA)/PKA was significantly increased in glaucomatous retinas and 8-OH-DPAT significantly decreased p-PKA/PKA expression, which led to the inhibition of PKA phosphorylation upon relieving neurotransmitter GABA release. These results showed that the activation of 5-HT1A receptors in retinas facilitated presynaptic GABA release functions by suppressing cAMP-PKA signaling and decreasing PKA phosphorylation, which could lead to the de-excitation of RGC circuits and suppress excitotoxic processes in glaucoma.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We found that serotonin (5-HT) receptors in the retina (5-HT1A receptors) were downregulated after intraocular pressure elevation. Patch-clamp recordings demonstrated differences in the frequencies of miniature GABAergic IPSCs (mIPSCs) in ON- and OFF-type retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and RGCs in normal and glaucomatous retinal slices. Therefore, phosphorylated protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition upon release of the neurotransmitter GABA was eliminated by 8-hydroxy-2- (di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), which led to increased levels of GABAergic mIPSCs in ON- and OFF-type RGCs, thus enhancing RGC viability and function. These protective effects were blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist SR95531 or the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635. This study identified a novel mechanism by which activation of 5-HT1A receptors protects damaged RGCs via the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway that modulates GABAergic presynaptic activity.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Proteínas do Olho/metabolismo , Glaucoma/metabolismo , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/fisiologia , Células Ganglionares da Retina/metabolismo , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , 8-Hidroxi-2-(di-n-propilamino)tetralina/farmacologia , Animais , Bucladesina/farmacologia , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/efeitos dos fármacos , Isoquinolinas/farmacologia , Masculino , Hipertensão Ocular/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Terminações Pré-Sinápticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Terminações Pré-Sinápticas/metabolismo , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional/efeitos dos fármacos , Piridinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/fisiologia , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/farmacologia , Antagonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) form an 11-member superfamily comprising 100 different isoforms that regulate the second messengers cyclic adenosine or guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP or cGMP). These PDE isoforms differ with respect to substrate selectivity and their localized control of cAMP and cGMP within nanodomains that target specific cellular pools and synthesis pathways for the cyclic nucleotides. Seven PDE family members are physiologically relevant to regulating cardiac function, disease remodeling of the heart, or both: PDE1 and PDE2, both dual-substrate (cAMP and cGMP) esterases; PDE3, PDE4, and PDE8, which principally hydrolyze cAMP; and PDE5A and PDE9A, which target cGMP. New insights regarding the different roles of PDEs in health and disease and their local signaling control are broadening the potential therapeutic utility for PDE-selective inhibitors. In this review, we discuss these PDEs, focusing on the different mechanisms by which they control cardiac function in health and disease by regulating intracellular nanodomains.
Assuntos
3',5'-AMP Cíclico Fosfodiesterases/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Cardiopatias/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/metabolismo , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/uso terapêutico , Domínios Proteicos/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , 3',5'-AMP Cíclico Fosfodiesterases/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares/efeitos dos fármacos , AMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inibidores , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , GMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inibidores , GMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Cardiopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/farmacologia , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/fisiologia , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of liver-related mortality. There is still no US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy for ALD, and therefore, identifying therapeutic targets is needed. Our previous work demonstrated that ethanol exposure leads to up-regulation of cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) expression, which compromises normal cAMP signaling in monocytes/macrophages and hepatocytes. This effect of ethanol on cAMP signaling contributes to dysregulated inflammatory response and altered lipid metabolism. It is unknown whether chronic alcohol consumption in humans alters hepatic PDE4 expression and cAMP signaling and whether inadequate cAMP signaling plays a pathogenic role in alcohol-induced liver injury. Our present work shows that expression of the PDE4 subfamily of enzymes is significantly up-regulated and cAMP levels are markedly decreased in hepatic tissues of patients with severe ALD. We also demonstrate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of roflumilast, a clinically available PDE4 inhibitor, on endotoxin-inducible proinflammatory cytokine production ex vivo in whole blood of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Moreover, we demonstrate that ethanol-mediated changes in hepatic PDE4 and cAMP levels play a causal role in liver injury in in vivo and in vitro models of ALD. This study employs a drug delivery system that specifically delivers the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram to the liver to avoid central nervous system side effects associated with this drug. Our results show that PDE4 inhibition significantly attenuates ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and injury through multiple mechanisms, including reduced oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: Increased PDE4 plays a pathogenic role in the development of ALD; hence, directed interventions aimed at inhibiting PDE4 might be an effective treatment for ALD.
Assuntos
Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 4/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , AMP Cíclico/análise , AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Citocinas/sangue , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 4/farmacologiaRESUMO
Heat stress (HS), causing impairment in several physiological processes, is one of the most damaging environmental cues for plants. To counteract the harmful effects of high temperatures, plants activate complex signalling networks, indicated as HS response (HSR). Expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and adjustment of redox homeostasis are crucial events of HSR, required for thermotolerance. By pharmacological approaches, the involvement of cAMP in triggering plant HSR has been recently proposed. In this study, to investigate the role of cAMP in HSR signalling, tobacco BY-2 cells overexpressing the 'cAMP-sponge', a genetic tool that reduces intracellular cAMP levels, have been used. in vivo cAMP dampening increased HS susceptibility in a HSPs-independent way. The failure in cAMP elevation during HS caused a high accumulation of reactive oxygen species, due to increased levels of respiratory burst oxidase homolog D, decreased activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, as well as down-accumulation of proteins involved in the control of redox homeostasis. In addition, cAMP deficiency impaired proteasome activity and prevented the accumulation of many proteins of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). By a large-scale proteomic approach together with in silico analyses, these UPS proteins were identified in a specific cAMP-dependent network of HSR.
Assuntos
AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Proteostase/fisiologia , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Oxirredução , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Proteômica , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Nicotiana/fisiologia , Ubiquitina/metabolismoRESUMO
Memory is stored in our brains over a temporally graded transition. With time, recently formed memories are transformed into remote memories for permanent storage; multiple brain regions, such as the hippocampus and neocortex, participate in this process. In this study, we aimed to understand the molecular mechanism of systems consolidation of memory and to investigate the brain regions that contribute to this regulation. We first carried out a contextual fear memory test using a transgenic mouse line, which expressed exogenously-derived Aplysia octopamine receptors in the forebrain region, such that, in response to octopamine treatment, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels could be transiently elevated. From this experiment, we revealed that transient elevation of cAMP levels in the forebrain during systems consolidation led to an enhancement in remote fear memory and increased miniature excitatory synaptic currents in layer II/III of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Furthermore, using an adeno-associated-virus-driven DREADD system, we investigated the specific regions in the forebrain that contribute to the regulation of memory transfer into long-term associations. Our results implied that transient elevation of cAMP levels was induced chemogenetically in the ACC, but not in the hippocampus, and showed a significant enhancement of remote memory. This finding suggests that neuronal activation during systems consolidation through the elevation of cAMP levels in the ACC contributes to remote memory enhancement.
Assuntos
AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Medo/fisiologia , Giro do Cíngulo/fisiologia , Hipocampo/fisiologia , Consolidação da Memória/fisiologia , Memória de Longo Prazo/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos TransgênicosRESUMO
Fear extinction is a form of new learning that inhibits expression of the original fear memory without erasing the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus association. Much is known about the mechanisms that underlie the acquisition of extinction, but the way in which fear extinction is maintained has been scarcely explored. Evidence suggests that protein kinase A (PKA) in the frontal cortex might be related to the persistence of extinction. Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) specifically hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The present study evaluated the effect of the selective PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast (ROF; 0.01, 0.03, and 0.1 mg/kg given i.p.) on acquisition and consolidation of the extinction of fear memory in male Wistar rats in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. When administered before acquisition, 0.1 mg/kg ROF disrupted short-term (1 day) extinction recall. In contrast, 0.03 mg/kg ROF administration in the late consolidation phase (3 h after extinction learning) but not in the early phase immediately after learning improved long-term extinction recall at 11 days, suggesting potentiation of the persistence of extinction. This effect of ROF requires the first (day 1) exposure to the context. A similar effect was observed when 9 ng ROF or 30 µM 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cAMP (PKA activator) was directly infused in the infralimbic cortex (IL), a brain region necessary for memory extinction. The PKA activity-dependent ROF-induced effect in the IL was correlated with an increase in its brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression, while blockade of PKA with 10 µM H89 in the IL abolished the ROF-induced increase in BDNF expression and prevented the effect of ROF on extinction recall. These effects were not associated with changes in anxiety-like behavior or general exploratory behavior. Altogether, these findings suggest that cAMP-PKA activity in the IL during the late consolidation phase after extinction learning underlies the persistence of extinction.