Polysaccharide from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Jackfruit) Pulp Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Enteritis in Rats.

A polysaccharide from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (jackfruit) pulp (JFP-Ps) is known for its excellent bioactivities. However, its impact on small intestinal barrier function is still largely unexplored. The study aimed to examine the protection effect of JFP-Ps against dextran sodium sulfate-induced enteritis and its underlying mechanism. This research revealed that JFP-Ps mitigated small intestinal tissue damage by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 in the small intestine. JFP-Ps diminished oxidative stress by bolstering the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing the concentration of malondialdehyde in the small intestine. In addition, JFP-Ps may restore the mechanical barrier and inhibit intestinal structure damage by augmenting the expression of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) receptors (GPR41/43) and up-regulating the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin). In conclusion, JFP-Ps may positively influence intestinal health by relieving oxidative stress in the small intestine, improving mechanical barrier function, activating the SCFA-GPR41/GPR43 axis, and inhibiting TLR4/MAPK pathway activation. The results augment our comprehension of the bioactivities of JFP-Ps, corroborating its great potential as a functional food.

[Chemical constituents from stems and leaves of Artocarpus tonkinensis and their inhibitory effects on proliferation of synovioblasts in vitro].

The chemical constituents from the stems and leaves of Artocarpus tonkinensis in Artocarpus of Moraceae were systematically studied by means of silica gel, octadecylsilyl(ODS), and Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatographies, as well as preparative high-performance liquid chromatography(Pre-HPLC) and a variety of chromatographic separation techniques. The spectral data and physicochemical properties of the compounds were obtained from separation and compared with those of the compounds reported in the literature. As a result, 11 compounds isolated from the 90% ethanol extract of the stems and leaves of A. tonkinensis were identified as artocatonkine(1), 5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone(2), apigenin-4'-O-ß-D-glucoside(3), rayalinol(4), psorachalcone A(5), 4-ketopinoresinol(6), ficusesquilignan B(7), pinnatifidanin AI(8), pinnatifidanin A(9), O-methylmellein(10), and trans-4-hydroxymellein(11). Among these compounds, compound 1 was a new prenylated flavone, and compounds 2-11 were isolated from the plants belonging to the genus Artocarpus for the first time. Furthermore, all compounds 1-11 were evaluated for their anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities, and the MTS method was used to measure their inhibitory effects on the proliferation of synovioblasts in vitro. The results of activity evaluation showed that flavonoid compounds 1-3, 5, and lignan compounds 8 and 9 displayed significant anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities, showing the IC_(50) values in inhibiting the proliferation of synovioblasts MH7A from(6.38±0.06) µmol·L~(-1) to(168.58±0.28)µmol·L~(-1).

Jackfruit waste: an invented anticancer therapy using Jacalin lectin from jackfruit seed.

Every food source contains both edible and inedible waste components. Millions of tonnes of trash from the food business are made from fruits, and these wastes are containing higher-value medicinal components, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic contents, a huge amount of proteins and secondary metabolites. These bioactive phytoconstituents are being used for the treatment of many serious fatal diseases. So, utilizing the recovered bioactive molecules from food wastes as functional ingredients offers a long-term alternative source of therapeutically active components that will lead to the discovery of novel phytoconstituents or novel treatment approaches. The goal of this systematic study is to provide an overview of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam, Moraceae) edible byproducts, such as jackfruit seeds that are largely neglected. This seed contains numerous bioactive lead molecules, such as carbohydrate-binding protein jacalin, which exhibits potent anticancer activity against colon cancer, blood cancer and breast cancer as well as can enlighten the new possible treatment approaches in targeted therapy and photodynamic chemotherapy. Moreover, jackfruit waste seed can be taken as a dietary food, which is having property to prevent and treat cancer and other lifestyle diseases. The works that have been carried out to utilize jackfruit waste other than the juicy edible bulbs have been reviewed in this article.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) in health and disease: a critical review.

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Family Moraceae), is a tropical tree, native to India and common in Asia, Africa, and several regions in South America. The fruit is commonly known as jackfruit which is one of the largest edible fruits in the world. Jackfruits comprises a wide range of nutrients, including minerals, carbohydrates, volatile compounds, proteins, and vitamins. The fruit, bark, leaves, and roots are endowed with therapeutic attributes and are utilized in the many traditional medicinal systems for the management of various ailments. Fruit and seeds are commonly used to prepare various food items, including sauce, ice creams, jams, jellies, and marmalades. Due to unique texture, jackfruit is becoming a popular meat substitute. Based on preclinical studies, jackfruit exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-melanin, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, anthelmintic, wound-healing, and antineoplastic activities. Clinical studies reveal that the leaves possess antidiabetic action in healthy and insulin-independent diabetic individuals. Despite numerous health benefits, regrettably, jackfruit has not been properly utilized in a marketable scale in areas where it is produced. This review delivers an updated, comprehensive, and critical evaluation on the nutritional value, phytochemical profiling, pharmacological attributes and underlying mechanisms of action to explore the full potential of jackfruit in health and disease.

Physicochemical and functional properties of pectin extracted from the edible portions of jackfruit at different stages of maturity.

BACKGROUND: The physicochemical and functional properties of pectin (JFP) extracted from edible portions (including pericarp and seed) of raw jackfruit (an underutilized tropical fruit) at four different maturity stages (referred to as stages I, II, III, and IV) were characterized in terms of extraction yields, chemical composition, molecular weight, and antioxidant properties to evaluate its potential use in foods. RESULT: The JFP yield increased from 9.7% to 21.5% with fruit maturity, accompanied by an increase in the galacturonic acid content (50.1%, 57.1%, 63.6%, and 65.2%) for stages I-IV respectively. The molecular weight increased from 147 kDa in stage I to 169 kDa in stage III, but decreased to 114 kDa in stage IV, probably due to cell-wall degradation during maturation. The JFP was of the high methoxyl type and the degree of esterification increased from 65% to 87% with fruit maturity. The functional properties of JFP were similar to or better than those reported for commercial apple pectin, thus highlighting its potential as a food additive. Although the phenolics and flavonoids content of JFP decreased with fruit maturity, their antioxidant capacity increased, which may be correlated with the increased content of galacturonic acid upon fruit development. Gels prepared from JFP showed viscoelastic behavior. Depending on the maturity stage in which they were obtained, different gelation behavior was seen. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed the potential of pectin extracted from edible parts of jackfruit as a promising source of high-quality gelling pectin with antioxidant properties, for food applications. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cocoa powder and fermented jackfruit seed flour: A comparative cell-based study on their potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities after simulated gastrointestinal digestion.

BACKGROUND: Jackfruit seed flour can be used as a cocoa aroma replacer with similar technological properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo toxicity and in vitro antioxidant activity of fermented jackfruit seed flour (Fjs) and non-alkaline cocoa powder (Nac). RESULTS: Fjs and Nac extracts (Fjs-E and Nac-E) were produced and submitted to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion producing digested fractions named Fjs-D and Nac-D, respectively. Nac-E showed over two-fold higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) than Fjs-E. However, after simulated gastrointestinal digestion (in vitro), there were no significant differences between Nac-D and Fjs-D (P < 0.01). Similarly, the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) of Nac-D and Fjs-D was not significantly different (P < 0.01). The anti-inflammatory assay in transgenic RAW 264.7 murine macrophages showed that Fjs-E did not affect cell viability up to 300 µg mL-1 (P > 0.05) and reduced by 15% the release of TNF-α (P < 0.05). Fjs-D did not affect cell viability up to 300 µg mL-1 (P > 0.05) and showed 58% reduction of NF-κB activation (P < 0.05), with no effects on TNF-α levels. Treatment with Nac-E up to 300 µg mL-1 did not decrease cell viability (P > 0.05) and reduced the release of TNF-α levels by 34% and 66% at 100 and 300 µg mL-1 , respectively (P < 0.05). Nac-D did not reduce the NF-κB activation or TNF-α levels at any tested concentration. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings indicate that Fjs is a safe and promising functional ingredient with biological activities even after gastrointestinal digestion. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparative Investigation on the Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) pulp from Five Cultivars.

Jackfruit is one of the major tropical fruits, but information on the phytochemicals and biological benefits of its pulp is limited. In this study, the phytochemicals and biological activities including antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities of five jackfruit pulp cultivars (M1, M2, M3, M7 and T5) were comparatively investigated. A total of 11 compounds were identified in all cultivars of jackfruit pulp, among which 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and tryptophan N-glucoside were reported for the first time in jackfruit. T5 exhibited the highest total phenolic content (7.69 ± 0.73 mg GAE/g DW), antioxidant capacity (109.8, 96.7 and 207 mg VCE/g DW for DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, respectively), antitumor activity (80.31%) and anti-inflammatory activity (78.44%) among five cultivars. These results can provide a reference for growers to choose jackfruit cultivar and offer an insight into the industrial application of jackfruit pulp derived-products.

[Two new prenylated 2-arylbenzofurans from roots of Artocarpus heterophyllus and their anti-respiratory burst activities].

Two prenylated 2-arylbenzofurans were isolated from roots of Artocarpus heterophyllus, with a combination of various chromatographic approaches, including ODS, MCI, Sephadex LH-20, and semipreparative high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). They were identified as 5-[6-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5,7-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)benzofuran-2-yl]-1,3-benzenediol(1) and 5-[2H,9H-2,2,9,9-tetramethyl-furo[2,3-f]pyrano[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-6-yl]-1,3-benzenediol(2) with spectroscopic methods, such as HR-ESI-MS, IR, 1D NMR, and 2D NMR, and named artoheterins B(1) and C(2), respectively. The anti-respiratory burst activities of the two compounds were evaluated with rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMNs) stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA). The results showed that 1 and 2 exhibited significant inhibitory effect on respiratory burst of PMNs with IC_(50) values of 0.27 and 1.53 µmol·L~(-1), respectively.

New dihydrobenzoxanthone derivatives with bacterial neuraminidase inhibitory activity isolated from Artocarpus elasticus.

Artocarpus elasticus is a popular fruit tree in the tropical regions. Primary screenings of methanol extracts of the root bark confirmed its potent inhibition of bacterial neuraminidase (BNA), which plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of many microbial diseases. Assessments of the responsible phytochemicals were conducted by isolating eight compounds (1-8) and two of them (6 and 8) were identified as new compounds. Among the isolates, the dihydrobenzoxanthones attained the highest BNA inhibition with IC50 values of 0.5 âˆ¼ 3.9 µM. Further investigation of the inhibitory mechanism by Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed the phytochemicals to function as reversible noncompetitive inhibitors. Fluorescence quenching showed their binding affinities were highly correlated with their inhibitory potential dose-dependently. Molecular docking experiments suggested the dihydrobenzoxanthones (4 and 6) as noncompetitive inhibitors of BNA with unique interaction with Tyr435 of BNA in comparison with the mother flavonoid (7).

(±)-Heterocageflavone, anti-inflammatory isoprenylated flavonoids with a tricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undecane moiety from Artocarpus heterophyllus.

(±)-Heterocageflavone (1), a pair of enantiomeric isoprenylated flavonoids, were isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus. Compound 1 incorporates an unusual tricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undecane moiety, forming a unique caged polycyclic system. The structures of the pair were determined by spectroscopic analysis, ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 showed significant inhibitory activity against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 49.2 µM.

Rapid large-scale preparation of polysaccharides from jackfruit peel waste by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities.

Polysaccharides with antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were first isolated from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel through the one-step high-speed countercurrent chromatography. The separation process was completed using the polymer two-phase aqueous system constituted by PEG1000-K2 HPO4 -KH2 PO4 -H2 O (0.8:1.25:1.25:6.5, w/w). For every separation process, two main polysaccharides, namely, fraction-1 and fraction-2 (165 and 225 mg, respectively) were obtained from a 2.0 g crude sample. As suggested by high-performance gel permeation chromatography, jackfruit peel polysaccharides had the mean molecular weight values of 113.3 and 174.3 kDa, separately. Physicochemical analysis suggested that two polysaccharides were dominant in galacturonic acid, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, mannose, as well as fucose, which were highly esterified. Biological activity analysis showed that fraction-1 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity in vitro and hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice compared with fraction-2. The results suggest that polysaccharide fraction-1 may be developed as a potential functional food supplement.

A Literature Review of Artocarpus lacucha Focusing on the Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of the Plant.

Studies have shown that approximately two-thirds of the plant species in the world have some medicinal value. Artocarpus lakoocha is a synonym for Artocarpus lacucha and is a plant that can be found in Indonesia. This medicinal plant has been used to treat many diseases. (1) Objective: This article discusses the scientific investigations carried out on A. lacucha, namely the plant's chemical content, pharmacological activity, and active compounds. (2) Methods: The design of this study was based on an article that was a review of previous research. A search for relevant publications over the past ten years (2012-2022) using data from Pubmed, Proquest, Ebsco, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar resulted in the discovery of 369 articles. (3) Results: Fifty relevant articles investigate A. lacucha's substances and their applications in the health field. The presence of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds has been reported, which is evidence that A. lacucha possesses antidiarrheal, immunostimulant, anticholesterol, and hepatoprotective agents. (4) Conclusions: Mobe (A. lacucha) is a plant native to North Sumatra, Indonesia. This plant is efficacious as an antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, schistosomicidal, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cytotoxic, antiglycation, and anticholesterol, and can also be used for anti-aging and wound healing. In addition to its various benefits, it turns out that this plant also has many active compounds that are useful to the health sector, especially the pharmaceutical field.

Cudraflavone C from Artocarpus hirsutus as a Promising Inhibitor of Pathogenic, Multidrug-Resistant S. aureus, Persisters, and Biofilms: A New Insight into a Rational Explanation of Traditional Wisdom.

Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., or wild jack, a perennial tree of the Western Ghats of peninsular India, serves as a rich source of flavonoids. The indigenous knowledge of this multipurpose flora chronicles the efficient property of its bark as a natural treatment for various skin infections. Herein, we describe a rational explanation of this traditional knowledge via a broader evaluation of inhibitory activity of one of its phytoconstituents, cudraflavone C (Cud C), a prenyl flavone isolated from stem bark against diverse multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus along with decidedly potent synergy combinations with a standard drug, gentamycin, especially against gentamycin-resistant S. aureus NRS 10119. Cud C exhibited equipotent MIC (4 µg/mL) against a varied array of MDR strains comprising MRSA, VRSA, and VRE and was nontoxic toward eukaryotic cells with a sizable selectivity index (SI 25-50). Cud C displayed concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against planktonic cells, an excellent biofilm disruption property exceeding that of levofloxacin and vancomycin against preformed S. aureus biofilm, and an enhanced capability to kill intracellular S. aureus more potently than vancomycin, thus exemplifying its position as an antibacterial lead candidate. In addition, S. aureus was unable to generate resistance to Cud C even after exposure for more than 40 days, whereas it generated resistance to levofloxacin within ∼20 days of exposure. Therefore, the naturally occurring prenylflavone Cud C can be accounted for as one of the reasons for the reported antibacterial properties of the bark of A. hirsutus. Taken together, detailed biological studies propose that Cud C can be considered as an effective antibacterial drug candidate against MDR S. aureus, which is fast becoming a significant threat to public health worldwide.

Artocarpus lacucha Extract and Oxyresveratrol Inhibit Glucose Transporters in Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells.

Reduction of intestinal glucose absorption might result from either delayed carbohydrate digestion or blockage of glucose transporters. Previously, oxyresveratrol was shown to inhibit α-glucosidase, but its effect on glucose transporters has not been explored. The present study aimed to assess oxyresveratrol-induced inhibition of the facilitative glucose transporter 2 and the active sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1. An aqueous extract of Artocarpus lacucha, Puag Haad, which is oxyresveratrol-enriched, was also investigated. Glucose transport was measured by uptake into Caco-2 cells through either glucose transporter 2 or sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 according to the culture conditions. Oxyresveratrol (40 to 800 µM) dose-dependently reduced glucose transport, which appeared to inhibit both glucose transporter 2 and sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1. Puag Haad at similar concentrations also inhibited these transporters but with greater efficacy. Oxyresveratrol and Puag Haad could help reduce postprandial hyperglycemic peaks, which are considered to be most damaging in diabetics.

Identification of Highly Potent α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Artocarpus integer and Molecular Docking Studies.

A new natural Diels-Alder adduct (3) was isolated from the leaves and stem bark of Artocarpus integer, along with seventeen known compounds (1, 2, and 4-18). Structural elucidation was conducted using NMR and HR-ESI-MS data, and comparisons were made with previous studies. Deoxyartonin I (3) exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 7.80±0.1 µM), outperforming the acarbose positive control. This was mixed-mode inhibition, as indicated by the intersect in the second quadrant of each respective plot. An in silico molecular docking model and the pharmacokinetic features of 3 suggest that it is a potential inhibitor of enzyme α-glucosidase, and is therefore a lead candidate as a drug against diabetes mellitus.

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots for dual-wavelength excitation fluorimetric assay for ratiometric determination of phosalone.

N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were fabricated in a simple procedure by hydrothermal treatment of cellobiose and urea. When excited at 235 nm or 327 nm, only one emission peak at around 420 nm has been observed. With the addition of phosalone, the excitation band at 235 nm was efficiently quenched within 1 min, while the excitation band at 327 nm showed little change. Accordingly, the fluorescence of the N-CDs-phosalone mixture showed quenching under 254-nm UV light, while nearly no fluorescence quenching could be observed under 365-nm UV light. This phenomenon provides a novel anti-false-positive mechanism for phosalone identification. Therefore, the label-free ratiometric sensor for rapid, naked-eye, and anti-false-positive detection of phosalone was proposed for the first time based on the intrinsic dual-excitation N-CDs. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the linear ranges of the excitation-based ratiometric assay were 0.08~4.0 µg/mL and 4.0~14.0 µg/mL; the limit of detection was 28.5 ng/mL. The as-constructed sensor was applied to detect phosalone residue in actual samples, and results were compared with the standard gas chromatographic (GC) method. The recoveries of the established sensor were between 90.0% and 110.0% with RSD lower than 6.6%, while that for the GC method was between 92.5% and 113.0% with RSD lower than 5.8%. Results reveal that the accuracy (recovery) and precision (RSD) of the as-constructed method are comparable to the standard GC method. In this paper, dual-excitation N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were synthesized by a simply one-step hydrothermal method for the first time. The novel dual-excitation ratiometric sensor based on the sole intrinsic N-CDs was constructed for phosalone sensing.

Highly Aromatic Flavan-3-ol Derivatives from Palaeotropical Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham Possess Radical Scavenging and Antiproliferative Properties.

Phytochemical investigation of leaves and stembark of Artocarpus lacucha collected in Thailand resulted in three yet undescribed isomeric flavan-3-ol derivatives (1-3), the four known compounds gambircatechol (4), (+)-catechin (5), (+)-afzelechin (6) and the stilbene oxyresveratrol (7). Compounds 1 to 3 feature 6/6/5/6/5/6 core structures. All structures were deduced by NMR and MS, while density functional theory (DFT) calculations on B3LYP theory level were performed of compounds 1 to 3 to support the stereochemistry in positions 2 and 3 in the C-ring. Possible biosynthetic pathways leading to 4 are discussed. The DPPH assay revealed high radical scavenging activities for 1 (EC50 = 9.4 ± 1.0 µmol mL-1), 2 (12.2 ± 1.1), 3 (10.0 ± 1.5) and 4 (19.0 ± 2.6), remarkably lower than ascorbic acid (EC50 = 34.9) and α-tocopherol (EC50 = 48.6). A cytotoxicity assay revealed moderate but consistent antiproliferative properties of 1 in CH1/PA-1 (ovarian teratocarcinoma) and SW480 (colon carcinoma) cells, with IC50 values of 25 ± 6 and 34 ± 4 µM, respectively, whereas effects in A549 (non-small cell lung cancer) cells were rather negligible. The performed DCFH-DA assay of 1 in the former cell lines confirmed potent antioxidative effects even in the cellular environment.

Oxyresveratrol-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Inhibit Oxygen Free Radical Production by Human Monocytes: Role in Nanoparticle Biocompatibility.

Oxyresveratrol, a polyphenol extracted from the plant Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb, has been reported to be an antioxidant and an oxygen-free radical scavenger. We investigated whether oxyresveratrol affects the generation of superoxide anion (O2-) by human monocytes, which are powerful reactive oxygen species (ROS) producers. We found that oxyresveratrol inhibited the O2- production induced upon stimulation of monocytes with ß-glucan, a well known fungal immune cell activator. We then investigated whether the inclusion of oxyresveratrol into nanoparticles could modulate its effects on O2- release. We synthesized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, and we assessed their effects on monocytes. We found that empty PLGA nanoparticles induced O2- production by resting monocytes and enhanced the formation of this radical in ß-glucan-stimulated monocytes. Interestingly, the insertion of oxyresveratrol into PLGA nanoparticles significantly inhibited the O2- production elicited by unloaded nanoparticles in resting monocytes as well as the synergistic effect of nanoparticles and ß-glucan. Our results indicate that oxyresveratrol is able to inhibit ROS production by activated monocytes, and its inclusion into PLGA nanoparticles mitigates the oxidative effects due to the interaction between these nanoparticles and resting monocytes. Moreover, oxyresveratrol can contrast the synergistic effects of nanoparticles with fungal agents that could be present in the patient tissues. Therefore, oxyresveratrol is a natural compound able to make PLGA nanoparticles more biocompatible.

Three New Isoprenylated Flavones from Artocarpus chama Stem and Their Bioactivities.

Phytochemical investigation of Artocarpus chama stem was performed by chromatographic techniques, resulting from the isolation and structure elucidation of three new compounds, namely 3'-farnesyl-apigenin (1), 3-(hydroxyprenyl) isoetin (2), and 3-prenyl-5,7,2',5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (3), and five known compounds, namely homoeriodictyol (4), isocycloartobilo-xanthone (5), artocarpanone (6), naringenin (7), and artocarpin (8). From the screening result, A. chama extract showed a potent tyrosinase inhibitory effect. Ihe isolated compounds 1, 4 and 6 also exhibited tyrosinase inhibition with IC50 of 135.70, 52.18, and 38.78 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, compounds 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 showed strong activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Cutibacterium acnes. This study is the first report on phytochemical investigation with new compounds and biological activities of A. chama. Skin infection can cause dark spots or hyperpigmentation. The isolated compounds that showed both anityrosinase and antimicrobial activities will be further studied in in vivo and clinical trials in order to develop treatment for hyperpigmentation, which is caused by infectious diseases by microorganisms.

Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Capacity, Prebiotic Activity and Anticancer Potential in Human Cells of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Seed Flour.

The general aim of this study was to evaluate physicochemical properties, prebiotic activity and anticancer potential of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed flour. The drying processes of jackfruit seeds were performed at 50, 60 and 70 °C in order to choose the optimal temperature for obtaining the flour based on drying time, polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. The experimental values of the moisture ratio during jackfruit seed drying at different temperatures were obtained using Page's equation to establish the drying time for the required moisture between 5 and 7% in the flour. The temperature of 60 °C was considered adequate for obtaining good flour and for performing its characterization. The chemical composition, total dietary fiber, functional properties and antioxidant capacity were then examined in the flour. The seed flour contains carbohydrates (73.87 g/100 g), dietary fiber (31 g/100 g), protein (14 g/100 g) and lipids (1 g/100 g). The lipid profile showed that the flour contained monounsaturated (4 g/100 g) and polyunsaturated (46 g/100 g) fatty acids. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were found to be the predominant soluble sugars, and non-digestible oligosaccharides like 1-kestose were also found. The total polyphenol content was 2.42 mg of gallic acid/g of the sample; furthermore, the antioxidant capacity obtained by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was 901.45 µmol Trolox/100 g and 1607.87 µmol Trolox/100 g, respectively. The obtained flour exhibited good functional properties, such as water and oil absorption capacity, swelling power and emulsifier capacity. Additionally, this flour had a protective and preventive effect which is associated with the potential prebiotic activity in Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum. These results demonstrate that jackfruit seed flour has good nutritional value and antioxidant and prebiotic activity, as well as potential protective effects and functional properties, making it an attractive food or ingredient in developing innovative functional products.