Prevalence of thyroid diffuse goiter and its association with body mass index and the presence of cysts and nodules in children and adolescents: the Fukushima Health Management Survey.

The main cause of diffuse thyroid goiter is autoimmune chronic thyroiditis, otherwise known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thyroid hormones play pivotal roles in growth and development during childhood. However, the prevalence of diffuse goiter and the relationships between diffuse goiter, thyroid volume, cysts and nodules, and anthropometric measurements in children are not well known. Among 789,459 participants who participated in thyroid ultrasound examinations, 320,206 participants (male: 161,728; female: 158,478) aged 1-23 years were analyzed. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate the odds ratios of the standard deviation score of body mass index (BMI-SDS), the SDS of bilateral width multiplied thickness area (BWTAR-SDS) as a provisional determination of thyroid volume, and the presence of nodules or cysts for positive diffuse goiter compared with negative diffuse goiter after correction for sex and age. The prevalence of diffuse goiter increased in a female-dominant manner with aging. Compared with the absence of diffuse goiter, the age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for BMI-SDS (1 SD), BWTAR-SDS (1 SD), cysts, and nodules were 1.24 (1.21-1.27), 3.21 (3.13-3.29), 0.53 (0.50-0.58), and 1.38 (1.17-1.64), respectively. The odds ratios of nodules for positive diffuse goiter were 4.18 (1.08-16.08), 1.76 (1.01-3.07), 1.80 (1.32-2.45), and 1.34 (1.08-1.67) in the age groups 1-7, 8-11, 12-15, and 16-23 years, respectively. The age-dependent increase in the prevalence of diffuse goiter was independently associated with increased BMI and positive prevalence of nodules in young individuals.

Effects of altitude on thyroid disorders according to Chinese three-rung, ladder-like topography: national cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Chinese topography appears a three-rung ladder-like distribution of decreasing elevation from northwest to southeast, which is divided by two sloping edges. Previous studies have reported that prevalence of thyroid diseases differed by altitude, and geographical factors were associated with thyroid disorders. To explore the association between three-rung ladder-like regions and thyroid disorders according to unique Chinese topographic features, we conducted an epidemiological cross-sectional study from 2015-2017 that covered all 31 mainland Chinese provinces. METHODS: A total of 78,470 participants aged ≥ 18 years from a nationally representative cross-sectional study were included. Serum thyroid peroxidase antibody, thyroglobulin antibody, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels; urine iodine concentration; and thyroid volume were measured. The three-rung ladder-like distribution of decreasing elevation from northwest to southeast in China was categorized into three topographic groups according to elevation: first ladder, > 3000 m above sea level; second ladder, descending from 3000-500 m; and third ladder, descending from 500 m to sea level. The third ladder was further divided into groups A (500-100 m) and B (< 100 m). Associations between geographic factors and thyroid disorders were assessed using linear and binary logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Participants in the first ladder group were associated with lower thyroid peroxidase (ß = -4.69; P = 0.00), thyroglobulin antibody levels (ß = -11.08; P = 0.01), and the largest thyroid volume (ß = 1.74; P = 0.00), compared with the other groups. The second ladder group was associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (odds ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [1.18-1.43]) and subclinical hypothyroidism (odds ratio = 0.61, 95%confidence interval [0.57-0.66]) (P < 0.05) compared with the first ladder group. Group A (third ladder) (500-100 m) was associated with thyroid nodules and subclinical hypothyroidism (P < 0.05). Furthermore, group B (< 100 m) was positively associated with autoimmune thyroiditis, thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibody positivity, and negatively associated with overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and goiter compared with the first ladder group(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We are the first to investigate the association between different ladder regions and thyroid disorders according to unique Chinese topographic features. The prevalence of thyroid disorders varied among the three-rung ladder-like topography groups in China, with the exception of overt hyperthyroidism.

[Analysis of iodine nutritional status of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021].

Objective: To analyze the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021. Methods: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select non-residential children aged 8 to 10 years from 90 counties in Zhejiang Province. A total of 114 103 children were included in the study from 2016 to 2021. Direct titration method and arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry were used to detect salt iodine content and urinary iodine level, respectively, to evaluate the iodine nutritional status of children. Ultrasound was used to detect thyroid volume and analyze the current prevalence of goiter in school-age children. Results: The age of 114 103 children was (9.04 ± 0.81) years old, with 50.0% of (57 083) boys. The median of iodine content M (Q1, Q3) in children's household salt was 23.00 (19.80, 25.20) mg/kg, including 17 242 non-iodized salt, 6 173 unqualified iodized salt, and 90 688 qualified iodized salt. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 84.89%, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 79.48%. The proportion of non-iodized salt increased from 11.85% in 2016 to 16.04% in 2021 (χ2trend=111.427, P<0.001). The median of urinary iodine concentration M (Q1, Q3) in children was 182.50 (121.00, 261.00) µg/L, among which the proportions of iodine deficiency, iodine suitability, iodine over suitability, and iodine excess were 17.25% (19 686 cases), 39.21% (44 745 cases), 26.85% (30 638 cases), and 16.68% (19 034 cases), respectively. The median of urinary iodine concentration in children in inland areas [M (Q1, Q3): 190.90 (128.80, 269.00) µg/L] was significantly higher than that in children in coastal areas [M (Q1, Q3): 173.00 (113.00, 250.30) µg/L] (P<0.001). From 2016 to 2021, a total of 39 134 ultrasound examinations were conducted, and 1 229 cases of thyroid enlargement were detected. The goiter rate was 3.14% (95%CI: 2.97%-3.32%). The incidence of goiter in children in coastal areas [3.45% (95%CI: 3.19%-3.72%), 641/18 604] was higher than that in children in inland areas [2.86% (95%CI: 2.64%-3.10%), 588/20 530] (P=0.001). Conclusion: From 2016 to 2021, the iodine nutrition level of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province is generally suitable, and the rate of goiter in children meets the limit of iodine deficiency disease elimination standards.

A Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Children Goiter in High Water Iodine Areas of China.

Although there are now a large number of studies confirming that high iodine levels can cause goiter, there is controversy and a lack of quantitative data. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and China Biomedical Database for literature on high iodine and goiter in children was performed with a time limit from January 2013 to October 2023. After screening the literature based on the inclusion criteria, extracting the literature data, and evaluating the risk of bias of the included studies, a single-arm meta-analysis was performed using R 4.0.4 software. Twenty-three studies with a total of 50,980 subjects were included. Meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of goiter among children in water-borne iodine-excess areas was 6.0% [95% CI (4.3%, 7.6%)], and subgroup analyses showed that the prevalence of goiter in children with water iodine 100.1-150 µg/L, 150.1-300 µg/L, and > 300 µg/L was 7.5% [95% CI (0.0%, 15.8%)], 5.5% [95% CI (3.1%, 8.0%)], and 10.2% [95% CI (6.7%, 13.6%)], respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01); The prevalence of goiter among children in the northern China (5.8% [95% CI (4.1%, 7.5%)]) was higher than that in the southern China (3.5% [95% CI (1.0%, 6.0%)]) (P < 0.01); the prevalence of goiter in children with urinary iodine levels 100-199 µg/L, 200-299 µg/L, and ≥ 300 µg/L was 2.4% [95% CI (1.9%, 2.9%)], 3.3% [95% CI (1.9%, 4.8%)], and 7.3% [95% CI (4.4%, 9.9%)], respectively, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01); the prevalence of goiter in children aged 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 years old was 5.1% [95% CI (3.9%, 6.4%)], 8.0% [95% CI (4.0%, 11.9%)], 6.2% [95% CI (3.9%, 8.5%)], 5.5% [95% CI (0.0%, 13.2%)], and 5.4% [95% CI (0.0%, 15.1%)], and when age ≥ 9 years, the relationship between goiter prevalence and age showed a trend toward decreasing with age, but the relationship between different age was no statistical difference in the prevalence of goiter between ages. urinary iodine. The prevalence of goiter in children was higher in areas with high water iodine; the prevalence of goiter in children in the north was significantly higher than that in the south; the prevalence of goiter in children tends to increase with increased urinary iodine levels.

Iodine status of school-aged children in the changing context of universal salt iodization program during 1997-2018 in Chongqing, China.

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the changes of iodized salt usage, goiter rate of school-aged children and median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of school-aged children in Chongqing for the last 21 years. This study aims to estimate the variational provincial status of iodine nutrition and provide scientific evidence for fine-tuning and adaptation of the current program. METHODS: Different number of families and school children aged 8-10 years from Chongqing during 1997-2018 participated in the study. UIC and iodine content in table salt were measured. Thyroid volumes of students were examined and goiter prevalence was calculated across years. RESULTS: The median iodine content of table salt was negatively associated with years(r = -0.727, P < 0.01). The MUIC were decreased annually (ranged between 200 and 300 µg/L) and was negatively associated with year(r = -0.831, P < 0.01). Goiter of school-aged children in Chongqing was decreased from the highest rate of 23.58% in 1999 to 1.62% in 2018(Cochran-Armitage Trend Test: χ2=-30.695, P < 0.01). Thyroid volume were negatively associated with years(r = -0.962, P < 0.01) and had a positive relationship with MUIC 1997-2018 (r = 0.862, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of adequately iodized salt can eliminate Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in children, but possible excessive iodine intake from salt could result in high urinary iodine excretion and even goiter. A systematic, well-designed and continual program monitoring is essential to ensure the adequacy of iodine fortification levels and to regularly change the iodine concentration in household table salt.

Thyroid volume in Turkish school-age children living in an iodine-sufficient region.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to obtain local normative data on thyroid volume evaluated by ultrasonography and iodine status by measuring urine iodine levels in school-age children living in Aydin province. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a sample comprising 1,553 cases was meticulously selected from a total cohort of 170,461 children aged 6-17, drawn from 21 distinct educational institutions located within the Aydin region, as participants in the investigation. Those with a known chronic disease or thyroid disease were excluded from the study. The children underwent physical examinations and ultrasonography imaging of the thyroid gland, and urine samples were collected to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC). RESULTS: The median UIC was 189.5 (IQR=134.4) µg/L, which was optimal according to WHO criteria. Thyroid volume was found to be 4.6 (IQR=3.5) mL in girls and 4.2 (IQR=4.0) mL in boys (p=0.883). The thyroid volumes in our study were found to be smaller when compared to the WHO. According to WHO age and body surface area criteria, thyroid volume was over 97 % in 0.9 % (n=15) of cases. Thyroid volume was found to have a positive correlation with age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA) in both genders (p<0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between thyroid volume and UIC. CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional study provides normative data on thyroid volume and iodine status in school-age children in iodine-sufficient population, revealing a low prevalence of goiter and correlations between thyroid volume and anthropometric measures.

Frequency and Risk Factors of Tracheomalacia in Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy.

It was a descriptive cross-sectional study to determine the frequency and risk factors of tracheomalacia in patients undergoing thyroidectomy. One hundred and forty-nine patients underwent thyroidectomy at MTI-Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar between 1st January 2021 and 1st March 2022. The frequency of post-thyroidectomy tracheomalacia and possible associated factors were determined. The inclusion criteria were patients of either gender, between 18 to 70 years fulfilling criteria of clinically diagnosed cases of thyroid disorders who underwent subtotal, hemi, near or total thyroidectomy for their respective thyroid diseases. Post-thyroidectomy tracheomalacia was recorded in 18 patients (12.1%): Seventeen patients were aged less than 30 (p-value 0.038) and 14 (77.8%) patients had a duration of surgery > three hours (p-value <0.001). Young female patients with multinodular goitre who had a longer duration of surgery developed post-thyroidectomy tracheomalacia more frequently. Hence, the incidence of post-thyroidectomy tracheomalacia can be markedly reduced with proper preoperative assessment and postoperative measures. Key Words: Thyroid gland, Thyroid disorders, Tracheomalacia, Thyroidectomy.

Clinical features and Surgical Outcomes of Thyroid Goitre Presenting to Ear, Nose and Throat Department of Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi.

Introduction: In Malawi there is a perception that goitre is common and causes significant public health and economic burdens. The purpose of this study was to assess the demographic distribution, clinical presentation, investigations, management, outcomes and complications of goitre seen at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), Blantyre, Malawi. Method: A single hospital-based descriptive retrospective study from January 2017 to December 2018 for all patients presenting with goitre. Results: Out of 9073 patients who presented to ENT department, 105 patients presented with goitre representing 1% of all patients seen during the study period. The Male: Female ratio was 1:25. The mean symptom duration with goitre was 4 years (SD +/- 6.4). Thyroid function test results were available in 54 patients and out of these, 53(98%) patients were euthyroid. Ultrasound scan (USS) reports were available in 44 patients, of these 32(73%) were multinodular goitres. In 70 cases, pathology results were available and showed that 20% were thyroid cancers and that papillary thyroid carcinoma was the commonest cancer (64%). Two recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries were recorded in 79 surgical procedures representing 2.5% of patients (6.3% overall complication rate). Inpatient stay ranged from 2 days to 49 days (median 3 days). Conclusion: Goitre at our centre is more common in women than in men. One in five patients in this cohort had thyroid cancers. This prevalence is higher than other areas in the world highlighting the need for cytology services on every patient before surgery and histology services after surgery. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and other complications were infrequent demonstrating local high safety of thyroid surgery, despite late presentation to the ENT department.

Analysis of iodine nutritional status of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021. Methods: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select non-residential children aged 8 to 10 years from 90 counties in Zhejiang Province. A total of 114 103 children were included in the study from 2016 to 2021. Direct titration method and arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry were used to detect salt iodine content and urinary iodine level, respectively, to evaluate the iodine nutritional status of children. Ultrasound was used to detect thyroid volume and analyze the current prevalence of goiter in school-age children. Results: The age of 114 103 children was (9.04 ± 0.81) years old, with 50.0% of (57 083) boys. The median of iodine content M (Q1, Q3) in children's household salt was 23.00 (19.80, 25.20) mg/kg, including 17 242 non-iodized salt, 6 173 unqualified iodized salt, and 90 688 qualified iodized salt. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 84.89%, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 79.48%. The proportion of non-iodized salt increased from 11.85% in 2016 to 16.04% in 2021 (χ2trend=111.427, P<0.001). The median of urinary iodine concentration M (Q1, Q3) in children was 182.50 (121.00, 261.00) μg/L, among which the proportions of iodine deficiency, iodine suitability, iodine over suitability, and iodine excess were 17.25% (19 686 cases), 39.21% (44 745 cases), 26.85% (30 638 cases), and 16.68% (19 034 cases), respectively. The median of urinary iodine concentration in children in inland areas [M (Q1, Q3): 190.90 (128.80, 269.00) μg/L] was significantly higher than that in children in coastal areas [M (Q1, Q3): 173.00 (113.00, 250.30) μg/L] (P<0.001). From 2016 to 2021, a total of 39 134 ultrasound examinations were conducted, and 1 229 cases of thyroid enlargement were detected. The goiter rate was 3.14% (95%CI: 2.97%-3.32%). The incidence of goiter in children in coastal areas [3.45% (95%CI: 3.19%-3.72%), 641/18 604] was higher than that in children in inland areas [2.86% (95%CI: 2.64%-3.10%), 588/20 530] (P=0.001). Conclusion: From 2016 to 2021, the iodine nutrition level of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province is generally suitable, and the rate of goiter in children meets the limit of iodine deficiency disease elimination standards.

Analysis of iodine nutritional status of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021. Methods: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select non-residential children aged 8 to 10 years from 90 counties in Zhejiang Province. A total of 114 103 children were included in the study from 2016 to 2021. Direct titration method and arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry were used to detect salt iodine content and urinary iodine level, respectively, to evaluate the iodine nutritional status of children. Ultrasound was used to detect thyroid volume and analyze the current prevalence of goiter in school-age children. Results: The age of 114 103 children was (9.04 ± 0.81) years old, with 50.0% of (57 083) boys. The median of iodine content M (Q1, Q3) in children's household salt was 23.00 (19.80, 25.20) mg/kg, including 17 242 non-iodized salt, 6 173 unqualified iodized salt, and 90 688 qualified iodized salt. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 84.89%, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 79.48%. The proportion of non-iodized salt increased from 11.85% in 2016 to 16.04% in 2021 (χ2trend=111.427, P<0.001). The median of urinary iodine concentration M (Q1, Q3) in children was 182.50 (121.00, 261.00) μg/L, among which the proportions of iodine deficiency, iodine suitability, iodine over suitability, and iodine excess were 17.25% (19 686 cases), 39.21% (44 745 cases), 26.85% (30 638 cases), and 16.68% (19 034 cases), respectively. The median of urinary iodine concentration in children in inland areas [M (Q1, Q3): 190.90 (128.80, 269.00) μg/L] was significantly higher than that in children in coastal areas [M (Q1, Q3): 173.00 (113.00, 250.30) μg/L] (P<0.001). From 2016 to 2021, a total of 39 134 ultrasound examinations were conducted, and 1 229 cases of thyroid enlargement were detected. The goiter rate was 3.14% (95%CI: 2.97%-3.32%). The incidence of goiter in children in coastal areas [3.45% (95%CI: 3.19%-3.72%), 641/18 604] was higher than that in children in inland areas [2.86% (95%CI: 2.64%-3.10%), 588/20 530] (P=0.001). Conclusion: From 2016 to 2021, the iodine nutrition level of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province is generally suitable, and the rate of goiter in children meets the limit of iodine deficiency disease elimination standards.

Concentração de iodo urinário em urina de 24 horas de gestantes e sua associação com bócio tireoidiano materno, aborto e peso neonatal: estudo piloto / Urinary iodine concentration in 24-hour urine of pregnant women and its association with goiter in the mother, abortion and neonatal weight: pilot study

Introdução: A comida tem um papel proeminente na obtenção do iodo e uma das melhores estratégias é a iodização do sal. No Brasil, a Anvisa reduziu as doses de iodo no sal de cozinha desde 2014. Portanto, é importante avaliar a concentração urinária de iodo (CIU) em nossa população. Com base no exposto, propõe-se avaliar a CIU das gestantes, associando-a à frequência de bócio materno, aborto e peso neonatal. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional com um corte transversal composto por 37 pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Obstetrícia da Faculdade de Medicina de Barbacena e uma clínica particular em Juiz de Fora. A CIU foi verificada em 24 horas de urina. Resultados: A média de CIU foi de 213,6 µg/l de urina, com dose mínima de 29 µg/l e máxima de 437 µg/l. A glândula tireoide foi avaliada durante o exame clínico prénatal (palpação da glândula) e em 24 pacientes (38,1%) foi considerada normal. A palpação da glândula tireoide foi associada à CIU. Houve maior iodúria em gestantes com glândula não palpável (p = 0,004; T = 14,13). Não houve associação entre a CIU e história de aborto ou peso fetal ao nascimento (p > 0,05). Conclusões: Apesar de ser uma amostra pequena da população, identificamos pacientes expostas ao déficit. No entanto, a CIU não parece estar associada ao peso do recém-nascido ou a abortos, mas à dosagem de TSH e ao tamanho da glândula tireoide. Assim, a palpação da glândula tireoide poderia ser usada como uma medida indireta do CIU. (AU)

Introduction: Food has a prominent role in providing iodine and one of the best strategies is salt iodization. The Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency has reduced iodine content in table salt since 2014. Therefore, there is a need for evaluating urinary iodine concentration in our population, especially after the modified recommendations. Based on the above, we sought to assess urinary iodine concentration in pregnant women, associating it with frequency of maternal goiter, abortion and neonatal weight. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study included 37 patients seen at the Obstetrics Service of Barbacena Medical School and a private clinic in Juiz de Fora, both in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Iodine concentration was determined in 24- hour urine through chromatography. Results: The mean 24-hour urine iodine was 213.6 µg/l, with minimum and maximum measures of 29 µg/l and 437 µg/l, respectively. The thyroid gland was assessed by prenatal clinical examination (palpation of the gland). In 24 patients (38.1%) it was considered normal. Palpation of the thyroid gland was associated with 24-hour urine iodine concentration, although a higher iodine concentration was identified in pregnant women with non-palpable gland (p = 0.004; T = 14.13). There was no association between 24-hour urine iodine concentration and history of abortion or birth weight (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study, although based on a small sample of the population, was important to identify that even in areas where iodine is considered sufficient there may be patients exposed to iodine deficit. However, urinary iodine concentration does not appear to be associated with birth weight or abortion frequency but is associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and thyroid gland size, suggesting that clinical evaluation of the thyroid gland is an important element for predicting urinary iodine concentration. Thus, palpation of the thyroid gland could be used as an indirect measure of urinary iodine concentration. (AU)

Relación deltre hipotiroidismo subclínico y bocio con el origen del agua consumida por una población del conurbano bonaerense / Relationship of subclinical hypothyroidism and goiter with the origin of water consumed by a population of the Buenos Aires suburbs

El hipotiroidismo subclínico (HS), elevación de tirotrofina con hormonas tiroideas normales, junto al bocio, aumentó la frecuencia en las últimas décadas. Con el objetivo de relacionar la prevalencia de bocio y HS con el consumo de agua subterránea como factor de riesgo etiológico poblacional, se analizaron 879 historias clínicas de un centro médico de Glew, en el conurbano bonaerense Sur. Se estudió la población según edad (20-60 y 12-19 años) y tipo de agua consumida (potabilizada o napa subterránea). El agua subterránea fue consumida por el 70.5% del grupo de 20 a 60 años (n = 559, 79.9% mujeres) y por el 66.3% del grupo de 12 a 19 años (n = 57, 81.4% mujeres). En el grupo de 20 a 60 años la prevalencia de HS en consumidores de agua potabilizada y subterránea fue del 1% y 57.8% (p < 0.0001) y la de bocio de 3.8% y 38.9% (p < 0.0001), respectivamente; con un riesgo atribuible al agua subterránea de 57% para HS y 35% para bocio. En el grupo de 12 a 19 años, la prevalencia de HS fue 6.9% y 52.6% (p < 0.0001) y de bocio 13.8% y 77.2% para los grupos de agua potabilizada y subterránea, (p < 0.0001) respectivamente; con un riesgo atribuible al agua subterránea de 46% para HS y 61% para bocio. El análisis fisicoquímico mostró presencia de nitratos (entre 24 y 83 mg/l) en aguas de pozos y ausencia en agua potable. La prevalencia aumentada de HS y bocio podrían deberse a la acción disruptora tiroidea de los nitratos.

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), elevation of the level of thyrotrophin with normal thyroid hormones, along with goiter (glandular size > 25g), increased in recent decades. In order to relate the prevalence of goiter and SH with the consumption of groundwater, as a population etiological risk factor, we analyzed 879 clinical histories from a medical center in the city of Glew in the South Buenos Aires suburbs. The population was studied according to age (20 to 60 and 12 to 19 years) and type of water consumed (potable water or groundwater). Groundwater was consumed by 70.5% of the group from 20 to 60 years old (n = 559, 79.9% women) and by 66.3% of the group from 12 to 19 years old (n = 57, 81.4% women In the group of 20 to 60 years, the prevalence of SH in potable water and groundwater users was 1% and 57.8% (p < 0.0001) and the goiter rate of 3.8% and 38.9% (p < 0.0001) respectively; with an attributable risk to groundwater of 57% for HS, and 35% for goiter In the group of 12 to 19 years, the prevalence of SH was 6.9% and 52.6% (p < 0.0001) and goiter 13.8% and 77.2% for the water and groundwater groups (p>0.0001) respectively, with an attributable risk of 46% for HS y 61% for goiter. The physicochemical analysis showed the presence of nitrates in the range of 24 to 83 mg/l in groundwater and absence in potable water. The increased prevalence of HS and goiter could be due to the thyroid disrupting action of nitrates.

Substernal goiter and laryngopharyngeal reflux

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to compare the prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux signs between two groups of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for voluminous goiter: substernal goiters and voluminous cervical goiter without thoracic extension. Subjects and methods A retrospective case-control study was performed with data retrieved of the charts of the patients submitted to thyroidectomies occurred at a tertiary care center (Head and Neck Surgery Department, University of São Paulo Medical School) between 2010 and 2014. The selected thyroidectomies were allocated in two groups for study: patients with substernal goiters and patients with voluminous cervical goiter without thoracic extension. Cervical goiters were selected by ultrasonography mensuration. Clinical criterion was used to define substernal goiter. Results The average thyroid volume in patients with substernal goiter was significantly greater than the average volume in patients with only cervical goiter (p < 0.001). The prevalence of signs of reflux laryngitis at laryngoscopy was significantly greater in substernal goiter patients (p = 0.036). Moreover, substernal goiter was considered as the unique independent variable for high reflux laryngitis signs at laryngoscopy (OR = 2.75; CI95%: 1.05-7.20; p = 0.039) when compared to only cervical goiter patients. Conclusion This study shows a significant association between substernal goiters and signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux at preoperative laryngoscopy. Therefore, when compared with voluminous cervical goiters, the substernal goiters increase the chance of reflux laryngitis signs in patients.

Impacto de las acciones para la eliminación sostenible de la deficiencia de yodo en Cuba / Impact of the actions for the sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency in Cuba

Objetivos: Evaluar la efectividad del “Programa de Eliminación Sostenible de Deficiencia de Yodo” mediante determinación de yoduria y prevalencia de bocio. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el cual se incluyó a la población escolar cubana de 6 a 11 años que cursaba estudios en el periodo 2011-2012. Se empleó un muestreo estratificado polietápico. En el cual se determinaron los niveles de excreción de yodo en la orina (yoduria) y la presencia de bocio. Resultados. La mediana de yoduria fue de 176,3 µg/L; el 7,6% de los escolares presentaron alguna deficiencia de yodo, solo el 2,2% estaba por debajo de 50 µg/L (deficiencia severa) y el 15,3% tenía yodurias por encima de 300 µg/L. El porcentaje de escolares con nutrición óptima de yodo fue de 43,5%, esta categoría presentó una frecuencia significativamente mayor ( p=0,03) en el estrato montaña (52,5%). La prevalencia de bocio encontrada fue de 17,6%, que corresponde a una endemia ligera. Sin embargo, en el estrato montaña se encontró una prevalencia de 32,6 % (endemia severa). Conclusiones. El análisis integral del impacto de las acciones de control de la deficiencia de yodo evaluado a través de la excreción urinaria de yodo y la prevalencia de bocio refleja que ha dejado de ser un problema de salud poblacional en los estratos urbano y rural de Cuba, atribuible a un adecuado proceso de yodación de la sal. Sin embargo, aún se observa una alta prevalencia de bocio en la zona de montaña de Cuba.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of the Sustainable Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Program through determination of urinary iodine and goiter prevalence. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Cuban school children aged 6 to 11 years old in 2011-2012. A stratified multistage sample was used in which the levels of iodine excretion in urine (urinary iodine) and the presence of goiter were determined. Results. The median urinary iodine was 176.3 µg/L; 7.6% of the students showed some deficiency of iodine, only 2.2% were below 50 µg/L (severe deficiency), and 15.3% had urinary iodine above 300 µg/L. The percentage of school children with optimal iodine nutrition was 43.5%, this category showed a significantly higher frequency (p=0.03) in the mountain areas (52.5%). Goiter prevalence was 17.6% which corresponds to a mild endemic. However, in the mountain area the prevalence was 32.6% (severe endemic). Conclusions. The comprehensive analysis of the impact of iodine deficiency control measures assessed by urinary iodine excretion and goiter prevalence reflects that it is no longer a population health problem in urban and rural areas of Cuba, attributable to a proper process of salt iodization. Nevertheless, high goiter prevalence is still observed in the mountain area of Cuba.

Prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodular disease in patients with class III obesity / Prevalência de bócio e doença nodular tireoidiana em pacientes com obesidade grau III

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of goiter and nodular disease in patients with class III obesity, and to correlate results with serum leptin levels and insulin resistance (IR) parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed to assess thyroid ultrasound (US) patterns, HOMA-IR, serum leptin, and TSH levels in obese patients and controls. RESULTS: Thyroid volume was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.240, p = 0.039) and with HOMA-IR (r = 0.329; p < 0.01). Thyroid US patterns were similar between groups. However, when data from the male group was considered, greater thyroid volume was detected in the obese group compared with controls (10.8 vs. 8.5 cm³; p = 0.04). Also, nodules were more frequently detected (67% vs. 18%), as were nodules requiring FNAB (33.3% vs. 0%, p ≥ 0.05-0.09), in this group. CONCLUSION: Although IR did not correlate directly with the presence of nodules, the results support the hypothesis of a direct association between insulin resistance and thyroid volume.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência de bócio e doença nodular tireoidiana em pacientes com obesidade grau III e correlacionar os resultados com os níveis de leptina e parâmetros de resistência à ação da insulina (RI). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo seccional foi desenvolvido realizando ultrassonografia (US) tireoidiana e níveis séricos de HOMA-IR e TSH nos pacien­tes obesos e nos controles. RESULTADOS: Volume tireoidiano foi positivamente correlacionado com índice de massa corporal (IMC) (r = 0,240, p = 0,039) e com HOMA (r = 0,329; p < 0,01). Volume tireoidiano e prevalência de doença nodular tireoidiana foram similares entre os grupos. Quando avaliado o subgrupo masculino, maiores volumes tireoidianos foram detectados no grupo dos obesos comparados aos controles (10,8 vs. 8,5 cm³; p = 0,04), nódulos foram mais frequentes (67% vs. 18%), assim como nódulos com indicação de punção (33,3% vs. 0%, p ≥ 0,05-0,09). CONCLUSÃO: Embora RI não se correlacione diretamente com a presença de nódulos, os resultados suportam a hipótese da direta associação entre resistência à ação da insulina e volume tireoidiano.

Suivi hormonal post thyroidectomie : Etude prospective à propos de 112 cas opérés à l'Hôpital National de Niamey de Mars 2014 à Avril 2015

Le goitre est la maladie endocrinienne la plus répandue au monde. L'objectif de notre étude est d'évaluer l'influence de la thyroïdectomie sur la fonction hormonale dans le service de chirurgie générale de l'hôpital national de Niamey. A cet effet nous avons recueilli les données relatives à 112 cas, ayant bénéficié d'une thyroïdectomie, entre mars 2014 et avril 2015. Le sexe féminin est prédominant avec 96,4% soit un sex ratio de 0,04, la tranche d'âge comprise entre 30-39 ans est la plus touchées avec 37,5% et une moyenne de 41,2 ans. La durée d'évolution du goitre est plus de 4 ans dans 33% des cas avec une moyenne de 7,5 ans et des extrêmes allant de 5 mois à 20 ans. Le premier motif de consultation est la tuméfaction cervicale antérieure. L'échographie a montré un aspect hyperéchogène dans 58% des cas. La radiographie cervicale est pathologique dans 76% des cas. Le goitre euthyroidien est majoritaire avec 89,2%. Sur le plan thérapeutique, la loboisthmectomie est le geste le plus pratiqué avec 43,7%, suivi de la thyroïdectomie subtotale avec 34%, thyroïdectomie totale 16% et la nodulectomie avec 9%. Le bilan hormonal post opératoire a objectivé 16 cas (14,3%) d'hypothyroïdie à 1 mois, 30 cas (26,7%) à 3 mois et à 6 mois et 2 cas (1,8%) à 1 an. La corrélation entre les gestes chirurgicaux et le bilan hormonal à 6 mois nous a permis de faire les constats suivants : dans les 30 cas d'hypothyroïdie, 16 étaient liées à la thyroïdectomie totale, 8 patients des loboisthmectomies et 6 des thyroïdectomies subtotales. A 1 an, nous avons constatés au total 2 cas d'hypothyroïdie liée à la thyroïdectomie totale, malgré la subtutition hormonale. Partant de ce résultat, nous pensons qu'il faut conserver un peu du tissu thyroïdien que ça soit le lobe ou la lame postérieure afin d'éviter la prescription des hormones thyroïdiennes

Concordancia entre observadores en la detección por palpación de bocio en población escolar de 6 a 14 años / Interobserver agreement in detecting goitre in a school population between 6 and 14 years old

Fundamento: Estimar la concordancia entre observadores en la detección de bocio por palpación manual en la población escolar. Métodos. Durante un periodo de 5 meses durante el curso escolar 2001/2002 se estudió la presencia de bocio en una muestra representativa de 845 escolares de 6 a 14 años de 18 colegios de una Área de Salud de la Comunidad Valenciana. La exploración fue realizada de forma enmascarada por dos observadores (siempre los mismos). El tamaño tiroideo se estableció en seis grados (OA, OB, I, II, III y IV). Se consideró bocio a partir del grado OB inclusive. La concordancia se valoró en relación a variables como edad, sexo, masa corporal, y día de exploración. Se utilizó el índice kappa ponderado como medida de concordancia. Resultados. La prevalencia global de bocio fue del 40,4% según el observador 1o y de 36,8% para el 2o. La concordancia entre observadores tuvo un índice kappa de 0,83 (IC95% 0,78 - 0,88) y fue similar en relación al sexo, la masa corporal y el día de exploración. Según la edad de los niños: de 6 a 7 años (kappa 0,80; IC95% 0,69-0,91) de 12 a 14 años (kappa 0,85; IC95% 0,72 - 0,97). Conclusiones. Los observadores consiguieron una concordancia muy alta en la detección de bocio por palpación manual. La edad del niño influyó en el grado de concordancia con mayor dificultad en los más pequeños (AU)

Background: To estimate the agreement between observers on the detection of goitre by palpation in the school population because it is considered a variability test. Methods: For five months, during 2001/2002, the presence of goitre was studied in across-section sample of 845 school children (for 6 to 14 years old) from 18 school centres in a Health Area in Valentian Community. The exploration was always carried out by the same two observers. The thyroid size was established in 6 degrees. It was considered goitre since 0B inclusive. The agreement was assessed in relation to age, sex, IBM, and the exploration date. The Kappa Index was used as a measure of agreement. Results: The global prevalence of goitre was 40,4% according to the first observer and 36,8% to the second one. The agreement between observers was high, with a Kappa Index of 0.83 and it was similar in relation to sex, IBM, and the exploration date. It was smaller in the youngest children (six and seven years old) than in the oldest ones (from 12 to 14). Conclusions: An excellent interobserver agreement in clinic assessment of goitre by palpation in a school children population was achieved. The least concordance was seen in youngest group. It would be advisable to include the study of agreement in the protocol of endemic goitre study (AU)

Alteraciones de la función tiroidea en niños con insuficiencia renal crónica / No disponible

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia y tipo de alteraciones de la función tiroidea en niños con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) en programa de diálisis peritoneal (DP) o hemodiálisis (HD), así como establecer la utilidad de bocio como marcador clínico para identificar pacientes con IRC que cursan con alteraciones de la función tiroidea. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio transversal y descriptivo, realizado en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel de atención. Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 17 años, con IRC y con más de tres meses en DP o HD. En cada paciente se evaluó su crecimiento y desarrollo, así como la presencia de bocio. Las alteraciones tiroideas se detectaron mediante la cuantificación de los niveles séricos de tirotropina (TSH), tiroxina (T4L) y triyodotironina (T3T). Resultados: Se incluyeron 50 pacientes, 25 del sexo masculino, con edad promedio de 3 años. Hubo 14 (28%) pacientes con alteración en la función tiroidea, nueve con hipotiroidismo subclínico, tres con síndrome de enfermo eutiroideo y dos con hipotiroidismo primario. En 13 pacientes se detectó bocio, siete con disfunción tiroidea y seis con función normal. La sensibilidad del bocio para la detección de alteraciones tiroideas fue del 50%, y la especificidad del 83.3%. Dos de los pacientes con hipotiroidismo presentaron la mayor afectación en su crecimiento. Conclusiones: Debido a la alta frecuencia de alteraciones tiroideas en niños con IRC, es necesaria su valoración de manera sistemática, a fin de mejorar la calidad de su atención (AU)

Objectives: To determine the frequency and type of thyroid dysfunction in children with chronic renal failure (CRF) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD); and to establish the accuracy of the presence of goiter to identify patients with CRF and thyroid dysfunction. Patients and methods: This is a crosssectional study performed in a tertiary pediatric medical care center. CRF patients younger than 17 years old, with more than three months in PD or HD were included. All patients were assessed regarding their growth and sexual development; thyroid dysfunction was evaluated by serum concentration of thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4L) and triiodothyronine (T3T). Results: 50 patients were included, 25 were male, and mean age was 13 years old. There were 14 (28%) patients with thyroid dysfunction; nine had subclinical hypothyroidism, three patients had euthyroid sick syndrome and two primary hypothyroidism. Thirteen patients had goiter: seven had thyroid dysfunction and in six patients the thyroid function was normal. The sensitivity of goiter to detect thyroid dysfunction was 50% and the specificity was 83.3%. The two patients with the greatest delay in their growth were hypothyroid. Conclusions: Given the high frequency of thyroid dysfunction in children with CRF, these patients need a systematic screening, in order to improve their quality of care (AU)

Enfermedades frecuentes del tiroides en la infancia / No disponible

La aparición de alteraciones de la función tiroidea en los niños es muy frecuente. Parece que hay datos suficientes para asegurar que el seguimiento de las hormonas tiroideas, al menos durante la infancia, es muy útil para evitar posibles problemas a largo plazo. Por tanto, cualquier beneficio potencial sería mayor que los posibles efectos dañinos. En los controles de salud de los niños, siempre debe investigarse la presencia de signos de sospecha de disfunción endocrinológica. En esta especialidad tan vinculada a los procesos de crecimiento y desarrollo, donde los signos de casi todas sus patologías son muy discretos en su comienzo, debe agudizarse al máximo la observación, ya que es importante el diagnóstico precoz para que los tratamientos resulten eficaces y puedan evitar las secuelas de la enfermedad. Solo si se investiga, la mayoría de las enfermedades endocrinológicas pueden ser descubiertas tempranamente. Únicamente el pediatra puede contribuir al diagnóstico precoz. La interpretación de normalidad/anormalidad del proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo del niño, es una herramienta de gran utilidad durante la infancia. En la etapa de estudio, así como en la de tratamiento, una vez confirmada la enfermedad, el pediatra debe integrar el equipo ampliado de atención del niño. El pediatra por su parte, en estrecha comunicación con el grupo especializado, conducirá a la familia y al paciente en su nueva condición de enfermo crónico(AU)

The appearance of alterations of the thyroid function in children is very frequent. It seems that there are sufficient data to assure that the control of thyroid function during childhood is at least very useful in order to avoid possible problems in the long-term development. Therefore, any potential benefit would be greater than the possible harmful effects. In the controls of the well child, the signs of suspicion of endocrinologic disfunción must be investigated always. In the processes of growth and development, where the signs of almost all their impairments are very discreet in their beginning, the observation must become thorough since early diagnosis is important for the treatments to be effective and to be able to avoid the sequels of the disease. Pediatricians have an important contribution to the early diagnosis. The interpretation of normality/abnormality of the process of growth and development of the infant, is a very useful tool during childhood. In the stage of study as well as in the treatment, pediatricians must integrate the extended team of childcare. Pediatricians will lead the family and the patient in its new condition of chronic patient(AU)

Les goitres benins en ORL. Aspects epidemiologiques et anatomocliniques : etudes de 97 cas

But : Analyse epidemiologique; clinique et anatomopathologique des goitres benins. Methodologie : Etude retrospective de janvier 2002 a decembre 2006 sur dossier de patients ayant consulte en ORL pour goitre. Les parametres suivant ont ete etudies : - interrogatoire : age; sexe; profession; residence; anciennete du goitre; motif de consultation ; - examen clinique precisant resultats palpation; classification OMS de 1962 du goitre ; - resultats de l'echographie ; - resultats du dosage de la TSH ultrasensible. Ont ete exclus tous les dossiers comportant une histologie suspecte et/ou maligne et les inflammations de la thyroide. Ainsi a-t-on retenu 97 dossiers sur 122. Resultats : Notre recrutement a ete marque par une forte proportion d'adulte jeune (classe d'age de 31 a 50 ans : 78 patients) et par une predominance feminine (sex-ratio; 17/80).Ces patients etaient plus souvent des femmes au foyer et residaient le plus souvent a Bamako. Ils etaient porteurs a 52 de goitre evoluant depuis plus de vingt ans et a 44 de plus de dix ans d'evolution. Deux signes principaux ont amenes les patients a consulter : les signes d'hyperthyroidie et la tumefaction cervicale disgracieuse. Le goitre etait de type 3 de l'OMS dans 68 des cas. Un aspect multi nodulaire clinique a ete vu chez 81 patients. A l'imagerie; nous avons note 10 de goitre isoechogene. L'examen anatomopathologie a plus souvent trouve des goitres de type macro folliculaire sur les pieces d'exerese. Ils etaient dans 20 des cas des goitres en activite. Conclusion : Le praticien ORL en pays d'endemie goitreuse se doit de connaitre tous les contours de la pathologie thyroidienne. Il ne doit jamais oublier non plus que la prise en charge efficiente doit etre multidisciplinaire (Endocrinologue; Radiologue; Anatomopathologiste; Anesthesiste Reanimateur)