RESUMO
Prior to the effective use of local anesthetics to achieve profound pulpal anesthesia before extirpation, whether in the form of a nerve block or infiltration, or in some cases the use of intrapulpal injections,1, 2 the clinician was faced with a challenge to ensure that the patient would be pain free during the procedure. In these cases the use of nitrous oxide and oxygen was common. Not so common was the use of cocaine or a solution of cocaine hydrochloride that was advocated to penetrate the dentinal tubules and create pulpal insensibility in the late 1800s.3, 4.
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária , Anestésicos Locais , Cocaína , Bloqueio Nervoso , Anestesia Dentária/história , Anestésicos Locais/história , Anestésicos Locais/uso terapêutico , Cocaína/história , Cocaína/uso terapêutico , Polpa Dentária/efeitos dos fármacos , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Nervo Mandibular , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Extração DentáriaRESUMO
Dr. Estela Melman (1939-present), Professor in the Department of Anesthesiology, the American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico, is an influential pioneer who has shaped the scope and practice of pediatric anesthesia in Mexico and throughout the world. Her early work to reintroduce neural blockade into routine pediatric anesthetic care, particularly the caudal approach to the epidural space, helped to transform current anesthesia practice. Based on a series of interviews held with Dr. Melman between 2016 and 2017, this article reviews the remarkable career of a pioneering pediatric anesthesiologist.
Assuntos
Anestesiologistas/história , Anestesiologia/história , Pediatria/história , Criança , Feminino , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Hospitais , Humanos , México , Bloqueio Nervoso/históriaAssuntos
Manejo da Dor/história , Dor/história , Anestesia/história , Anestesia/métodos , Animais , Aspirina/história , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Cocaína/administração & dosagem , Cocaína/história , Cocaína/uso terapêutico , Síndromes da Dor Regional Complexa/história , Cárie Dentária/história , Cárie Dentária/terapia , Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica/história , Endorfinas/história , Endorfinas/metabolismo , Feminino , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Humanos , Hyoscyamus , Isoquinolinas/história , Isoquinolinas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Microglia/fisiologia , Modelos Psicológicos , Morfina/história , Morfina/farmacologia , Morfina/uso terapêutico , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Neuroimagem/história , Óxido Nitroso/administração & dosagem , Óxido Nitroso/história , Óxido Nitroso/farmacologia , Nociceptores/metabolismo , Ópio/história , Dor/fisiopatologia , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Caracteres Sexuais , Punção Espinal , Linfócitos T/fisiologiaRESUMO
Peripheral nerve block became popular with the advance of the ultrasonic diagnostic equipment, and became one of the essential procedures in anesthesia. For the further development of this method, we have to learn the past and identify problems in this course. We have outlined the history of the peripheral nerve block and described the development of the method. Furthermore, we verified the recent change in periph- eral nerve block by searching the literature and exa- min the background. Lastly, we pointed out problems of the current peripheral nerve block and described its new application and its ideal future course.
Assuntos
Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Nervos Periféricos , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Injeções , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodosRESUMO
Blockade of the sacral plexus is associated with an interesting chapter in the history of anesthesia. Use of this technique peaked in the difficult early decades of the twentieth century, a time when inhaled anesthesia was in decline and regional and local techniques were gaining ground as alternatives. This article analyzes the history of sacral epidural anesthesia, in particular the Spanish contribution. Names like Salvador Gil Vernet, Manuel Usandizaga, José Botella, Santiago Dexeus, José Miguel Martínez and José Estella should be remembered for the important pioneering roles these anesthetists played in research and clinical practice. Although Spanish surgeons were not enthusiastic about the sacral plexus block, the Spanish history of the technique has been similar to that seen in other countries: at first there was a certain degree of enthusiasm, later the technique was nearly forgotten, and finally interest has returned in recent years, initially in obstetric analgesia and more recently in pediatrics.
Assuntos
Anestesia Caudal/história , História do Século XX , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodosRESUMO
The current practice of dental local anesthesia remains founded upon drugs and techniques that were developed over 100 years ago. 2009 marks the 125th anniversary of the pioneering use of cocaine as a topical anesthetic and the introduction of nerve block injections in the oral cavity and facial region. Four famous clinicians are recognized in this article, each for their unique contributions to "modern" local anesthesia (Carl Köller, Sigmund Freud and William Halsted) and general anesthesia (Horace Wells), with the recognition of the adverse impact of drug dependence on their personal lives, which fortunately did not preclude their positively revolutionizing the practices of dentists and physicians and their patients every since.
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária/história , Anestesia Geral/história , Anestésicos/história , Anestésicos/farmacologia , Clorofórmio/história , Clorofórmio/farmacologia , Cocaína/história , Cocaína/farmacologia , Éter/história , Éter/farmacologia , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Bloqueio Nervoso/históriaRESUMO
Cocaine was brought to Europe after the discovery of America. In the 19th century, the active component of coca leaves, named cocaine, was extracted and several researchers started experimenting with the substance, describing many physiological and pathological effects of its action. The first scholar to practically demonstrate the possibility of using cocaine solution in medicine, mostly ophthalmology, was Carl Koller. Following this remarkable achievement cocaine became the substance most frequently applied for different types of anaesthesia. Halsted and Hall reported the first successful nerve block of the interior dental nerve with 4% cocaine solution. In 1892, Schleich published the results of his studies in which he used a 0.1-0.2% solution of cocaine hydrochloride intra- and subcutaneously, introducing the so-called infiltration anaesthesia. At the end of the 19th century it was, however, demonstrated that cocaine possessed many undesirable effects, including addiction, which triggered off interest in other, less toxic, anaesthetics.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Locais/história , Cocaína/história , Oftalmologia/história , Europa (Continente) , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: August Karl Gustav Bier introduced two important techniques in regional block: intravenous regional block and subarachnoid block, widely used nowadays. Since the first one celebrates its 100th anniversary and the second its 110th anniversary, it is only fair that we pay homage to this extraordinary physician who created them. CONTENTS: This report describes his family, school, academic course, and medical residency data, professional and university activities, personality, retirement, and death of A. K. G. Bier. It describes his countless contributions to Medicine and to Anesthesiology in particular. It discusses his research on intravenous regional block, many of them still valid nowadays or not completely explained. It mentions his initial studies and the controversies on his role in the creation of spinal block. It tells the experiences he had in both World Wars. It also mentions the great contributions of Bier to culture, sports, physical education and, especially, to ecology when he created the famous Sauen Forest. Finally, the well deserved honors he received in his home country and in other countries are mentioned. CONCLUSIONS: A. K. G. Bier created and introduced two notable and still current methods of regional blocks in Anesthesiology and was a great defender of the preservation of the environment. Therefore, since this year we celebrate the 100th anniversary of intravenous regional block, his biography deserves to be told as a tribute to this important German physician.
Assuntos
Anestesia Intravenosa/história , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Alemanha , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodosRESUMO
The first description of the use of cocaine by humans can be found in the memoirs of the Florentine traveller Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512). For the next 300 years mostly the advantages of cocaine use, also as a medication, were emphasized. In 1860 Albert Niemann (1834-1861) isolated an active ingredient of coca leaves, which he named cocaine. After his death, his work was carried on by his disciple Wilhelm Lossen (1838-1906), who finally, in 1865, determined its proper chemical formula. Although the first observations concerning the effect of cocaine on mucous membranes were made by Niemann and Lossen, the first experimental studies involving the application of cocaine to animals were performed by the Peruvian surgeon Moréno y Maïz. In 1880 Basil von Anrep (1852-1925) published the results of his studies concerning the application of cocaine to humans. In the conclusion of his work he recommended cocaine as a surgical anaesthesia. But it was finally Carl Koller (1857-1944) who, in 1884, empirically demonstrated the benefits of cocaine use in medicine, most of all in ophthalmology. Subsequently, within a couple of months, the medical world learnt about and got interested in the use of cocaine for local anaesthesia. William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922) and his collaborator Richard John Hall (1856-1897) began their own research on cocaine injections. Eventually they developed the nerve and regional blocking techniques. Nowadays, due to the potential harmful effects of cocaine and the risk of addiction, the indications for the use of cocaine as an anaesthetic are strictly limited.
Assuntos
Anestesia/história , Cocaína/história , Animais , Cocaína/farmacologia , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Mucosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Bloqueio Nervoso/históriaRESUMO
Descriptions of the South American arrow poisons known as curares were reported by explorers in the 16th century, and their site of action in producing neuromuscular block was determined by Claude Bernard in the mid-19th century. Tubocurarine, the most important curare alkaloid, played a large part in experiments to determine the role of acetylcholine in neuromuscular transmission, but it was not until after 1943 that neuromuscular blocking drugs became established as muscle relaxants for use during surgical anaesthesia. Tubocurarine causes a number of unwanted effects, and there have been many attempts to replace it. The available drugs fall into two main categories: the depolarising blocking drugs and the nondepolarising blocking drugs. The former act by complex mixed actions and are now obsolete with the exception of suxamethonium, the rapid onset and brief duration of action of which remain useful for intubation at the start of surgical anaesthesia. The nondepolarising blocking drugs are reversible acetylcholine receptor antagonists. The main ones are the atracurium group, which possess a built-in self-destruct mechanism that makes them specially useful in kidney or liver failure, and the vecuronium group, which are specially free from unwanted side effects. Of this latter group, the compound rocuronium is of special interest because its rapid onset of action allows it to be used for intubation, and there is promise that its duration of action may be rapidly terminated by a novel antagonist, a particular cyclodextrin, that chelates the drug, thereby removing it from the acetylcholine receptors.
Assuntos
Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Bloqueadores Neuromusculares/farmacologia , Animais , Atracúrio/história , Atracúrio/farmacologia , História do Século XVI , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Músculo Esquelético/inervação , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Bloqueadores Neuromusculares/história , Fármacos Neuromusculares Despolarizantes/história , Fármacos Neuromusculares Despolarizantes/farmacologia , Junção Neuromuscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuromusculares não Despolarizantes/história , Fármacos Neuromusculares não Despolarizantes/farmacologia , Antagonistas Nicotínicos/história , Antagonistas Nicotínicos/farmacologia , Receptores Nicotínicos/fisiologia , Transmissão Sináptica , Tubocurarina/história , Tubocurarina/farmacologia , Brometo de Vecurônio/história , Brometo de Vecurônio/farmacologiaRESUMO
Lumbar plexus is an effective but underused regional technique that was described nearly 3 decades ago. The original description has been modified several times based on advances in technology, localization, and imaging techniques. This review provides an overview of the history, anatomy, and techniques described to perform this block.
Assuntos
Anestesia por Condução/métodos , Plexo Lombossacral/anatomia & histologia , Bloqueio Nervoso , Anestesia por Condução/história , Cateterismo , Estimulação Elétrica , História do Século XX , Humanos , Plexo Lombossacral/diagnóstico por imagem , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
The name of Auguste Van Lint is linked with the development of facial nerve akinesia for ophthalmic surgery. Less well known is Robert Ernest Wright (1884-1977) who described techniques to block the facial nerve in the same manner as later published by Atkinson and Nadbath. This paper reviews Wright's life as an ophthalmologist and ophthalmic bacteriologist and pathologist in British India, and his role in the evolution of facial nerve akinesia.
Assuntos
Nervo Facial , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Oftalmologia/história , História do Século XX , Índia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Oftalmológicos , Reino UnidoRESUMO
Two cases of finger-tip necrosis following digital blocks are presented. These are rare complications of this technique. Pathogenesis and treatment options are discussed and the literature reviewed. Circulatory problems can be avoided by using adrenalin free anaesthetics, infiltrating at the metacarpal level with small volumes, and using upper-arm tourniquets instead of rubber bands at the phalangeal level.
Assuntos
Anestesia Local/efeitos adversos , Dedos/patologia , Bloqueio Nervoso/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Anestesia Local/história , Epinefrina/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Dedos/irrigação sanguínea , Dedos/inervação , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Isquemia/induzido quimicamente , Isquemia/patologia , Lidocaína/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Necrose , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
In France, a number of scientists from the fields of chemistry, physiology and surgery have been interested in anaesthesiology. Claude Bernard, who published in 1872 the most exhaustive studies on anaesthesia, was also interested from 1844 in drug curare. He created a methodology, studied pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics and demonstrated the specific action on motor nerves while muscle retained its irritability. It was however A. Vulpian who put forward the idea that curare does not affect the nerve itself but may act on a "linking substance" between nerve and muscle. In these times (1862), Rouget described the end apparatus at the nerve-muscle junction in a way which was finally accepted by German authors. Fifty years later, Couteaux achieved the microanatomic study of the end plate (1909). More recently (1972), Changeux and his team isolated the acetylcholine receptor from the electric organ of the torpedo fish.
Assuntos
Anestesia/história , Curare/história , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Sistema Nervoso , França , História Moderna 1601- , HumanosRESUMO
Interventional Radiology can be defined as minimally invasive closed percutaneous procedures for diagnosis or treatment and guided by imaging techniques. Parallel to the development of Interventional vascularRadiology, non vascular techniques have evolved. Margulis coined the term "Interventional Radiology" describing percutaneous extraction of residual gallstones. Fluoroscopy guided biopsy of the lung and mediastinum were described in the thorax by Nordenstrom. Percutaneous approach to the bile ducts was clinically applied by Wiechel, Lunderquist and Wallace. T-Tube extraction of residual gallstones was popularized by Burhenne. Cross sectional imaging, Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography offered the indispensable anatomical precision allowing a percutaneous approach to the deeply located structures in an axial plane. Haaga and Alfidi described percutaneous tissue sampling and drainage procedures guided by CT. Holm developed Ultrasound guided drainage and Otto initiated the perforated transducer. Percutaneous drainage of fluid collections rapidly became a standard. Plastic stents were inserted percutaneously in the bile ducts by Pereiras. Percutaneous neurolysis of the coeliac plexus was described by Hegedus Direct injection of ethanol and laser ablation of liver tumors, diskectomy and tubal recanalization are other more recently developed procedures.
Assuntos
Radiologia Intervencionista/história , Bile , Biópsia por Agulha/métodos , Líquidos Corporais , Drenagem/métodos , Europa (Continente) , História do Século XX , Humanos , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodosRESUMO
William Stewart Halsted is considered to be one of the most influential and innovative surgeons the USA has ever produced. His contributions to surgery are abundant, ranging from sophisticated surgical techniques in the field of breast surgery, surgery of the digestive apparatus and traumatological interventions, to the introduction of gloves in the operating theatre. Here we present Dr Halsted, together with his aide Dr Hall, as the discoverers of the technique for blocking the inferior alveolar nerve and the antero-superior dental nerve using cocaine as an anaesthetic. The anaesthetic technique, described perfectly by both surgeons in 1885, has been revolutionary in the practice of odontology since its introduction, offering dentists the possibility of performing invasive interventions to the maxillary without pain.
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária/história , Anestésicos Locais/história , Cocaína/história , Bloqueio Nervoso/história , Cirurgia Geral/história , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Local anesthesia of the nerves of the scalp is referred to as "scalp block." This technique was originally introduced more than a century ago, but has undergone a modern rebirth in intraoperative and postoperative anesthetic management. Here, we review the use of "scalp block" during craniotomy with its anatomic basis, historical evolution, current technique, potential advantages, and pitfalls. We also address its current and potential future applications.