Impacts of early deprivation on behavioral and neural measures of executive function in early adolescence.

Children reared in institutional settings experience early deprivation that has lasting implications for multiple aspects of neurocognitive functioning, including executive function (EF). Changes in brain development are thought to contribute to these persistent EF challenges, but little research has used fMRI to investigate EF-related brain activity in children with a history of early deprivation. This study examined behavioral and neural data from a response conflict task in 12-14-year-olds who spent varying lengths of time in institutional care prior to adoption (N = 84; age at adoption - mean: 15.85 months, median: 12 months, range: 4-60 months). In initial analyses, earlier- and later-adopted (EA, LA) youth were compared to a group of children raised in their biological families (non-adopted, NA). NA youth performed significantly more accurately than LA youth, with EA youth falling in between. Imaging data suggested that previously institutionalized (PI) youth activated additional frontoparietal regions, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as compared to NA youth. In addition, EA youth uniquely activated medial prefrontal regions, and LA uniquely activated parietal regions during this task. A separate analysis in a larger group of PI youth examined whether behavioral or brain measures of EF varied with the duration of deprivation experienced. Duration of deprivation was negatively associated with activation of default mode network (DMN) regions. Overall, results suggest that there are lasting effects of deprivation on EF, but that those who are removed from institutional care earlier may be able to recruit additional neural resources as a compensatory mechanism.

Unique and interactive effects of threat and deprivation on latent trait cortisol among emerging adults.

Though considerable work supports the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology, prior research has not tested whether the dimensions-threat (e.g., abuse) and deprivation (e.g., neglect)-are uniquely related to salivary trait indicators of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity. We examined the unique and interactive effects of threat and deprivation on latent trait cortisol (LTC)-and whether these effects were modified by co-occurring adversities. Emerging adults (n = 90; Mage = 19.36 years; 99.88% cisgender women) provided salivary cortisol samples four times a day (waking, 30 min and 45 min postwaking, bedtime) over three 3-day measurement waves over 13 weeks. Contextual life stress interviews assessed early adversity. Though the effects varied according to the conceptualization of early adversity, overall, threat-but not deprivation, nor other co-occurring adversities-was uniquely associated with the across-wave LTC. Specifically, the incidence and frequency of threat were each negatively related to the across-wave LTC. Threat severity was also associated with the across-wave LTC, but only among those with no deprivation. Finally, the effects of threat were modified by other co-occurring adversities. Findings suggest that threat has unique implications for individual differences in HPA axis activity among emerging adults, and that co-occurring adversities modify such effects.

Foster Care Leads to Lower Irritability Among Adolescents with a History of Early Psychosocial Deprivation.

Irritability reflects a propensity for frustration and anger, and is a transdiagnostic symptom of both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. While early adverse experiences are associated with higher levels of irritability, experiences of early psychosocial deprivation and whether family-based placements can mitigate the impact on subsequent irritability, remain underexplored. The current study examined irritability in 107 16-year-olds with a history of institutional care from a randomized controlled trial of foster care as an alternative to institutional care and 49 community comparison children. At age 16 years, irritability was assessed using parent- and self-report forms of the Affective Reactivity Index. Compared to community adolescents, those with a history of institutional care exhibited significantly elevated irritability levels. Among those who experienced institutional care, those randomized to foster care had lower levels of irritability compared to participants randomized to the care-as-usual group, and this effect persists after controlling for baseline negative emotionality. These findings suggest a causal link between high-quality foster care and lower irritability following psychosocial deprivation. Additionally, longer duration in institutional care and non-family placement at age 16 years were associated with higher levels of irritability, highlighting the role of caregiving in explaining variation in irritability in adolescence. Policies that support long-term, high-quality family placements for children without regular caregivers should be prioritized.

Perceived Social Support and Experiential Avoidance in Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Individual Relative Deprivation and Subjective Social Class.

Based on the integration of ecological systems theory and the risk and protective factor model, the current study tested whether individual relative deprivation mediated the association between perceived social support and adolescents' experiential avoidance and whether this mediation model was moderated by subjective social class. A sample of 582 senior high school students in China participated in the current survey. The results indicated that perceived social support was negatively related to the students' experiential avoidance. Mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of perceived social support on experiential avoidance, via individual relative deprivation. Moreover, the mediation effect of individual relative deprivation was moderated by subjective social class. Specifically, the negative relationship between perceived social support and individual relative deprivation, and the direct relationship between perceived social support and experiential avoidance were stronger for adolescents with low subjective social class. In contrast, the positive relationship between individual relative deprivation and experiential avoidance was stronger for adolescents with high subjective social class.

Effects of early institutionalization involving psychosocial deprivation on cognitive functioning 60 years later: Findings of the LifeStories project.

BACKGROUND: Institutionalization involving psychosocial deprivation affects child development negatively. However, there are few longitudinal studies, and no prospective study has yet examined the consequences of institutionalization in late adulthood. OBJECTIVE: Investigating effects of psychosocial deprivation on cognitive functioning 60 years later. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A population-based survey of institutionalized infants and toddlers was conducted in Switzerland from 1958 to 1961 (n = 387; Mage = 0.93 years, SD = 0.53, 48 % female, 48 % Swiss nationality). In parallel, a comparison group of 399 family-raised children were assessed (Mage = 0.85 years, SD = 0.50, 46 % female, 100 % Swiss nationality). Six decades later, data on cognitive functioning were collected for 88 of the institutionalized group (Mage = 62.63 years, SD = 1.32), and 148 of the comparison group (Mage = 65.06, SD = 1.32). METHODS: Standardized tests were used: the Brunet-Lézine Developmental Test in early childhood and a short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in late adulthood. RESULTS: Formerly institutionalized individuals scored lower on cognitive functioning (d = - 0.67, p < .001), with the greatest difference in working memory (d = -0.78, p < .001). Longer duration of institutionalization increased the risk of lower cognitive functioning, indicating a dose-response effect. Institutionalization's impact on adult cognitive functioning was mediated by early childhood developmental status but not by later educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the early experience hypothesis, indicating that early life conditions have lasting effects on human development, even into late adulthood.

Fathering children aged from 2 to 10: psychometric properties of the IFI-BR-27 / Paternidade com filhos entre 2 e 10 anos de idade: propriedades psicométricas do IFI-BR-27 / Paternidad con hijos de entre 2 y 10 años: propiedades psicométricas del IFI-BR-27

The Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI) was developed to examine paternal involvement among men with children from 5 to 10 years of age. However, father involvement affects child development starting in the child's infancy. In Brazil, a revised version of the instrument (called the IFI-BR-27) was developed to use with fathers of children in a wider age group (2 to 10 years). Thus, in this study we aimed to investigate evidence for validity of this revised version based on internal structure, measurement invariance, and evidence of convergent validity. For this purpose, 572 Brazilian fathers completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the IFI-BR-27, and either the Father Engagement Questionnaire (FEQ; for fathers of children in early childhood education settings) or the Inventory of Parenting Practices (IPP; for fathers of children in elementary school). Results of confirmatory factor analyses indicated the plausibility of a second-order internal structure for the IFI-BR-27 (χ 2 / df = 3.526; CFI = .937; TLI = .929; RMSEA = .066). Composite reliability for the nine factors varied from .65 to .84. Invariance analyses indicated that the structure is independent of the child's educational setting. Evidence of convergent validity was also found ( r = .67 - FEQ; r = .58 - IPP). Therefore, the IFI-BR-27 is an adequate tool to assess the quality of father involvement for fathers of children in preschool or elementary school. The IFI-BR-27 can contribute to further scientific research, aiding in longitudinal studies, as well as helping professionals to evaluate and encourage specific dimensions of father involvement.(AU)

O Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI) foi desenvolvido para avaliar o envolvimento paterno de homens com filhos de 5 a 10 anos. No entanto, envolvimento paterno afeta o desenvolvimento de crianças desde a primeira infância. No Brasil, uma versão revisada dessa medida (chamada de IFI-BR-27) foi desenvolvida para uso com pais de crianças em uma faixa etária mais ampla (2 a 10 anos). O objetivo deste estudo foi, portanto, investigar evidências de validade dessa versão revisada com base na estrutura interna, invariância de medida e evidências de validade convergente. Para isso, 572 pais brasileiros preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico, o IFI-BR-27 e o Questionário de Engajamento Paterno (QEP; para pais com filhos no Ensino Infantil) e o Inventário de Práticas Parentais (IPP; para pais com filhos no Ensino Fundamental 1). Os resultados de análises fatoriais confirmatórias indicaram a plausibilidade de uma estrutura interna de segunda ordem para o IFI-BR-27 (χ 2 / gl = 3,526; CFI = 0,937; TLI = 0,929; RMSEA = 0,066). A confiabilidade composta para os nove fatores variou de 0,65 a 0,84. Análises de invariância indicaram que a estrutura é independente do ciclo escolar da criança. Também foram encontradas evidências de validade convergente ( r = 0,67 - QEP; r = 0,58 - IPP). Assim, considera-se o IFI-BR-27 uma medida adequada para avaliar a qualidade do envolvimento paterno de pais de crianças do Ensino Infantil ao Fundamental 1. O IFI-BR-27 poderá contribuir para melhorias científicas, viabilizando estudos longitudinais e ajudando profissionais a avaliar e promover dimensões específicas do envolvimento paterno.(AU)

El Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI) se desarrolló para evaluar la participación paterna en la crianza de hijos de entre 5 y 10 años de edad. Es sabido que la participación paterna contribuye al desarrollo infantil desde la primera infancia. En Brasil, una versión brasileña de este instrumento (la IFI-BR-27) se desarrolló para aplicarse a padres con hijos de un grupo de edad más amplio (de 2 a 10 años). Este estudio tuvo por objetivo comprobar evidencia de validez de esta versión revisada con base en la estructura interna, la invariancia del instrumento y la evidencia de validez convergente. Para ello, 572 padres brasileños completaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el IFI-BR-27 y el Cuestionario de Involucramiento Paterno (CIP; para padres de niños en el jardín de infantes) y el Inventario de Prácticas Parentales (IPP; para padres de niños en la primaria). Los resultados de los análisis factoriales confirmatorios indicaron la plausibilidad de una estructura interna de segundo orden para el IFI-BR-27 (χ 2 / gl = 3,526; CFI = 0,937; TLI = 0,929; RMSEA =0,066). La confiabilidad compuesta para los nueve factores varió de 0,65 a 0,84. Los análisis de invariancia indicaron que la estructura es independiente del ciclo educativo del niño. También se encontró evidencia de validez convergente ( r =0,67 - CIP; r = 0,58 - IPP). Por lo tanto, el IFI-BR-27 es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar la calidad de participación paterna de padres con hijos en edad preescolar o en la primaria. El IFI-BR-27 permitirá un mayor desarrollo científico, permitiendo estudios longitudinales y ayudando a los profesionales a evaluar y fomentar dimensiones específicas de participación paterna.(AU)

Contemporary slave labor and subjectivity: psychosocial perspectives on the enslaved's narratives / Trabalho escravo contemporâneo e subjetividade: considerações psicossociais sobre narrativas de escravizado(a)s / Trabajo esclavo contemporáneo y subjetividad: consideraciones psicosociales sobre narrativas de personas esclavizadas

This study addresses the relation between subjectivity and contemporary enslaved labor from the enslaved workers' narratives in Brazil. A qualitative social research was carried out based on a constructionist perspective. We sought interaction with rescued workers and used (a) participant observation of workers' routine in an institutional project that supports them and a field diary, (b) semi-structured and open individual interviews with workers and a member of the team project. The fieldwork lasted a year and a half and the analysis followed Content Analysis. Freudian theory and Foucault's thought were used for interpretation, which managed to understand aspects of workers' experiences, exploitation characteristics, parental abandonment, as well as the tensions in self-classification as enslaved. The narratives pointed to a dramatic reality manifested in body exploitation, authoritarian abuses, violence, and negligence. At the same time, these narratives showed forms of worker resistance that calls for further investigations to increase knowledge on the subjective experiences of those who were enslaved.(AU)

O artigo aborda as relações entre subjetividade e trabalho escravo contemporâneo a partir da narrativa de trabalhadores(as) escravazados(as). Foi realizada uma pesquisa social qualitativa em uma perspectiva construcionista. Buscamos a interação com trabalhadores resgatados e realizamos a observação participante da rotina de trabalhadores atendidos em um projeto institucional, com diário de campo, e entrevistas individuais (semiestruturadas e abertas) com trabalhadores(as) e equipe do projeto institucional. O trabalho de campo durou um ano e meio, e a pesquisa foi realizada com o suporte da Análise de Conteúdo. Para a interpretação utilizamos aportes da teoria freudiana e do pensamento de Foucault, com os quais foi possível compreender aspectos das vivências dos trabalhadores, características da exploração, abandonos parentais e tensões em torno da autoclassificação como "escravo". As narrativas apontaram uma realidade dramática manifesta na exploração do corpo, em abusos autoritários, na violência e negligência. Ao mesmo tempo, as narrativas evidenciaram formas de resistência dos trabalhadores que convocam mais investigações para adensar o conhecimento sobre as experiências subjetivas desses que estão num lugar de escravizado(a).(AU)

Este artículo aborda la relación entre la subjetividad y el trabajo esclavo contemporáneo desde la narrativa de trabajadores esclavizados. Se realizó una investigación social cualitativa desde una perspectiva construccionista. Buscamos la interacción con los trabajadores liberados y utilizamos la observación participante de la rutina de los trabajadores atendidos en un proyecto institucional, diario de campo y entrevistas individuales (semiestructuradas y abiertas) con trabajadores y miembros del equipo del proyecto institucional. El trabajo de campo duró un año y medio, y se utilizó como apoyo el análisis de contenido. Para la interpretación se utilizaron aportes de la teoría freudiana y el pensamiento de Foucault, con lo que fue posible comprender aspectos de las vivencias de los trabajadores, características del escenario de explotación, abandono parental y las tensiones relacionadas con la autoclasificación "esclavo". Las narrativas apuntan a una realidad dramática manifestada en la explotación del cuerpo, abuso autoritario, violencia y abandono. Al mismo tiempo, evidenciaron formas de resistencia por parte de los trabajadores, que reclaman más investigaciones para profundizar en el conocimiento sobre las vivencias subjetivas de quienes se encuentran en esclavitud.(AU)

Práticas psicológicas nos Creas do interior do RS: o olhar de trabalhadoras(es) / Psychological practices on CREAS in the countryside of the state of Rio Grande do Sul: perspectives of workers / Prácticas psicológicas en CREAS en el interior de Rio Grande do Sul: perspectiva de trabajadoras/es

O presente texto tem o objetivo de explanar ações desempenhadas por psicólogas(os) trabalhadoras(es) dos Centros de Referência Especializados de Assistência Social (Creas), em situações de violência intrafamiliar, identificadas a partir do estude empírico realizado por mim, psicóloga pesquisadora, também trabalhadora de um Creas. Participaram da pesquisa doze psicólogas(os), trabalhadoras(es) destes centros, em sete municípios do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, onde foram realizadas, presencialmente, as entrevistas. A análise dos dados apontou para uma compreensão metodológica a partir de três dimensões já apontadas na bibliografia, sendo elas: a) Acolhida Inicial, que demonstra que esses profissionais geralmente iniciam suas práticas com uma família ou indivíduo indo ao encontro destes, buscando a vinculação dos mesmos com o serviço; b) Acompanhamento Especializado, onde essas(es) trabalhadoras(es) desenvolvem suas práticas com diversidade e criatividade, a partir de visitas domiciliares, trabalhos com grupos, indivíduos ou famílias, geralmente em conjunto com outros profissionais, principalmente assistentes sociais; c) Articulação com a Rede, onde se identificou um importante movimento para o trabalho em conjunto com outros serviços disponíveis no território. Por fim, as considerações finais indicam que ainda há um caminho a ser trilhado com relação à definição das práticas dos psicólogos no Creas. Porém, há muito que se falar a respeito de práticas que já estão ocorrendo. Assim, tornam-se relevantes as pesquisas acadêmicas nesse contexto, pois ao inserir os profissionais psicólogos trabalhadores da política, eles podem promover uma articulação entre a produção do fazer cotidiano e a reflexão teórica e acadêmica sustentada pelas pesquisas.(AU)

This study aims to explore the activities developed by psychologists from the Centros de Referência de Atenção Especializada (CREAS - Brazilian Specialized Social Assistance Reference Centers), regarding situations of intrafamily violence identified by me, the author, a research psychologist and, CREAS worker. Participants include 12 psychologists who work on such centers from 7 cities in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where the interviews were conducted in person. The data analysis pointed toward a methodological comprehension based on 3 dimensions that have already been mentioned in the literature: the Initial Approach, which shows that these workers usually initiate their practices with a family or an individual by going after them, seeking bond development with the service. The Specialized Follow-up, in which these workers develop their practices with diversity and creativity, through home visits and activities with group, family or individual, often with other workers, such as social assistance workers. And the Network Articulation, in which a significant movement toward working with the public services available on each territory is identified. Finally, there is still a path to be taken regarding the definition of psychological practices on CREAS, however, there is much to be noticed of what has already been occurring. Thus, academic research on such context is relevant since the inclusion of psychologists who work in this policy may promote an articulation between daily activity and the theoretical and academic reflection, supported by the research.(AU)

Este texto tuvo por objetivo explicar las acciones desarrolladas por psicólogas/os trabajadoras/es en los "Centros de Referência Especializados de Assistência Social" (CREAS) (Centros de Referencia Especializados en Asistencia Social), respecto a las situaciones de violencia intrafamiliar, identificadas por un estudio empírico hecho por una psicóloga-investigadora que actúa en un CREAS. Participaron 12 psicólogas/os que trabajan en estos centros, en siete ciudades del interior de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), donde se llevó a cabo las entrevistas en persona. El análisis de datos apuntó a una comprensión metodológica de tres dimensiones ya destacadas en la bibliografía: la Acogida Inicial, que enseña que estos profesionales generalmente empiezan sus prácticas con una familia o individuo buscando el encuentro para la promoción de la vinculación con el servicio; El Seguimiento Especializado, en el que desarrollan sus prácticas con diversidad y creatividad desde visitas domiciliarias, trabajos con grupos, individuos o familias, generalmente junto a otros profesionales, sobre todo con trabajadores sociales; y Articulación con la Red de Servicios, en la cual se identificó un importante movimiento para el trabajo con otros servicios disponibles en el territorio. Por fin, se observa que todavía hay un camino por recorrer en relación a la definición de las prácticas de psicólogos en CREAS, aunque hay mucho que decir respecto a las prácticas que ya están ocurriendo. Así, se vuelven relevantes las investigaciones académicas en ese contexto por introducir a los profesionales psicólogos trabajadores de la política, las cuales pueden promover una articulación entre la producción del hacer cotidiano y la reflexión teórica y académica sustentada por las investigaciones.(AU)

Fatores de risco psicossociais no trabalho de gestores: revisão sistemática / Psychosocial Risk Factors in the Work of Managers: Systematic Review

Objetivo. Este estudo objetiva sistematizar e avaliar a produção científica nacional e internacional acerca dos fatores de risco psicossociais presentes no trabalho de gestores e como estes afetam sua saúde. Método. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Foram seguidas as diretrizes do Protocolo PRISMA - Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses. Resultados. Verificou-se que os gestores estão expostos a riscos psicossociais relacionados às categorias tipo e produção de tarefas e saúde e bem-estar. A exposição a estes fatores de risco pode desencadear alterações físicas e mentais na saúde. Foram identificadas ações de intervenção e seus resultados, bem como a necessidade de desenvolvimento de ações de prevenção e promoção de saúde mental voltadas para gestores.

Objective. This study aims to systematize and evaluate the national and international scientific production about the psychosocial risk factors present in the work of managers and how these affect their health. Method. A systematic review of the literature was done. For its development, the guidelines for conducting a systematic review proposed by the PRISMA Protocol - Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses were followed. Results. After the process of refining the results, it was found that managers are exposed to psychosocial risks related to the categories types, and production of tasks and health and well-being. The exposure to these risk factors can trigger physical and mental changes in the health of these workers, requiring prevention and mental health promotion actions.

El tratamiento de las personas con problemas de salud mental en la normativa penal y penitenciaria. Reflexiones y propuestas / The treatment of people with mental health problems in criminal and penitentiary regulations. Reflections and proposals

El presente trabajo analiza el tratamiento que la normativa penal y penitenciaria española ofrece a las personas con problemas de salud mental (o con discapacidad psicosocial) que son acusadas de un delito y entran en contacto con el medio penitenciario. El análisis revela que este colectivo es víctima de una discriminación y un maltrato institucional cuya erradicación exige cambios relevantes en la legislación, las políticas públicas y la mentalidad social, a la luz de la Convención Internacional sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad. Estos cambios se orientan a cuatro objetivos básicos: 1) evitar situaciones de desatención que aboquen a las personas con problemas de salud mental a entrar en el ciclo delictivo; 2) potenciar su desviación del medio penitenciario hacia respuestas más resocializadoras; 3) garantizar que quienes entren en prisión puedan ejercer sus derechos en igualdad de condiciones que todas las personas internas; 4) erradicar prejuicios y estereotipos promoviendo la formación de profesionales y la toma de conciencia por parte de la sociedad de la situación de desventaja de este colectivo. (AU)

This paper analyzes the treatment that Spanish penal and penitentiary regulations offer to people with mental health problems (or with psychosocial disabilities) who are accused of a crime and come into contact with the penitentiary environment. The analysis reveals that this group is the victim of discrimination and institutional abuse, whose eradication requires significant changes in legislation, public policies and social mentality, in the light of the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. These changes are aimed at four basic objectives: 1) to avoid situations of neglect that lead people with mental health problems to enter the criminal cycle; 2) to enhance their diversion from the prison environment towards more resocializing responses; 3) to ensure that those who have to enter prison can exercise their rights on an equal basis with other inmates; 4) to eradicate prejudices and stereotypes by promoting the training of professionals and raising the awareness of society regarding the situation of disadvantage in this group. (AU)

Recorte temporal dos desafios para implementação da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS) no Brasil: revisão sistemática / Temporal review of the challenges for the implementation of the Psychosocial Attention Network (RAPS) in Brazil: systematic review

A RAPS integra um dos eixos prioritários da Rede de Atenção à Saúde no Brasil. Objetiva-se apontar um panorama referente aos desafios para implementação da RAPS no Brasil. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura por meio de buscas nas bases: Google Acadêmico, Scielo, BDENF, Portal da CAPES, Medline e Lilacs, utilizando-se a associação "Rede de Atenção Psicossocial" e "desafios". Os desafios foram: articulação da rede/efetivação do apoio matricial; recursos materiais e humanos; gestão; assistência tradicional/manicomial e outros. Conclui-se que é primordial que as práticas assistenciais em saúde mental sejam revistas, que profissionais e poder público busquem integrar suas ações e que familiares possam também compor e se reconhecerem como parte importante para o processo do cuidado.

The Psychosocial Attention Network (RAPS) integrates one of the priority axes of the Health Care Network in Brazil. Aim to give an overview of the challenges for implementing RAPS in Brazil. A systematic review of the literature was carried out, by the searching at the bases: Google Academic, Scielo, BDENF, Portal of the CAPES, Medline and Lilacs, using the association "Psychosocial Care Network" and "challenges". The challenges were: articulation of the network/implementation of matrix support; material and human resources; management; traditional/asylum assistance and others. It was concluded that is essential that mental health care practices be reviewed, that professionals and public authorities seek to integrate their actions and that family members can also compose and recognize themselves as an important part of the care process.

Estrés laboral: una revisión de las principales causas consecuencias y estrategias de prevención / Work Stress: A Review of the Main Causes, Consequences, and Prevention Strategies / O estresse no trabalho: uma revisão das principais causas, consequências e estratégias de prevenção

Introducción: El estrés laboral es una enfermedad peligrosa que altera el estado psicológico de la persona, porque genera reacciones y respuestas de tipo emocional, cognitivo, fisiológico y del comportamiento frente a situaciones con alta demanda laboral que sobrepasa los recursos personales y del trabajo. Se considera una problemática de tipo social y económica asociada con factores de riesgo psicosocial y con desencadenantes. Por ello, es fundamental su detección precoz, para evitar sus secuelas y para emplear estilos de afrontamiento. Objetivo: Analizar los referentes teóricos del estrés laboral, teniendo en cuenta sus principales causas, consecuencias y estrategias de prevención en el ámbito laboral. Metodología: Revisión documental disponible en las bases de datos Epistemonikos, ProQuest, Frontiers in Psychology, Academy, Biblioteca Digital, Elsevier, Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO y Science Direct, de estudios publicados entre 2015 y 2020 que incluyeran conceptos de estrés laboral, causas, consecuencias y estrategias de prevención. Se revisaron 60 artículos, y para seleccionar la información se aplicó búsqueda, organización, categorización y análisis de 5554 documentos electrónicos. Se excluyeron 6 estudios relacionados con temas específicos del síndrome de burnout. Conclusiones: El estrés es una problemática prevalente en el contexto organizacional que se genera por múltiples factores asociados con las condiciones laborales y personales y origina en el individuo consecuencias fisiológicas y mentales que afectan su desempeño y productividad. De ahí que sea necesario incentivar una cultura preventiva que fomente la salud de los colaboradores.

Introduction: The labor stress is dangerous disease that alters the psychological state of the person, by generating emotional, cognitive, physiological and behavioral reactions and responses to situa-tions with high work demand that exceeds personal and work resources. It is considered as a social and economic problem associated with psychosocial risk factors and triggers, which, it is essential to attach importance to its early detection and thus avoid its consequences, as well as the use of coping styles. Objective: To analyze the theoretical references of work stress, considering the main causes, conse-quences and prevention strategies in the workplace. Methodology: Documentary review available in the databases Epistemonikos, ProQuest, Frontiers in Psychology, Academy, Bibliotheca Digital, Elsevier, Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO and Science Direct. Inclusion criteria: works published between 2015 and 2020 that include concepts of work stress, causes, consequences and prevention strategies. 60 articles were reviewed to select the information, a search, organization, categorization and analysis of 5554 electronic documents were applied, 6 studies related to specific topics of Burnout syndrome were excluded. Conclusions: Stress is a prevalent problem in the organizational context that is generated by multiple factors associated with the work and personal conditions, originating in the individual consequences of physiological and mental type affecting the performance and the productivity, being necessary to stimulate a preventive culture that promotes the health of the collaborators.

Introdução: O estresse relacionado ao trabalho é uma doença perigosa que altera o estado psicoló-gico da pessoa, pois gera reações emocionais, cognitivas, fisiológicas, comportamentais e respostas a situações com altas exigências de trabalho que excedem os recursos pessoais e de trabalho. É conside-rado um problema social e econômico associados a fatores de risco psicossociais e desencadeadores. É, portanto, essencial detectá-lo cedo, para evitar suas consequências e usar estilos de enfrentamento. Objetivo: Analisar as referências teóricas do estresse relacionado ao trabalho, levando em conta suas principais causas, consequências e estratégias de prevenção no local de trabalho. Metodologia: revisão documental disponível nas bases de dados Epistemonikos, ProQuest, Frontiers in Psychology, Academy, Digital Library, Elsevier, Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO e Science Direct, de estudos publicados entre 2015 e 2020 que incluíam conceitos de estresse relacionado ao trabalho, causas, consequências e estratégias de prevenção. Sessenta artigos foram revisados, e para selecionar as informações, foi aplicada uma pesquisa onde foram organizados, categorizados e analisados 5554 documentos eletrônicos. Foram excluídos seis estudos relacionados a questões específicas da Síndro-me de Burnout. Conclusões: O estresse é um problema predominante no contexto organizacional que é gerado por múltiplos fatores associados às condições de trabalho e pessoais, e causa consequências fisiológicas e mentais no indivíduo que afetam seu desempenho e produtividade. Portanto, é necessário incentivar uma cultura preventiva que promova a saúde dos funcionários.Palavras-chave: estresse ocupacional; psicossocial; saúde ocupacional; trabalhadores.

Médicos, enfermeras y pacientes: entre las contradicciones, la incertidumbre y las carencias en tiempo de covid-19 en México / Doctors, nurses and patients: dealing with contradictions, uncertainty and shortages during covid-19 in Mexico

Resumen La pandemia de covid-19 puso al descubierto las innumerables carencias que durante décadas han formado parte del inequitativo y fragmentado sistema nacional de salud. Las siguientes reflexiones tienen como propósito central enunciar la fragilidad en la que labora el personal de salud en México, al igual que las contradictorias declaraciones que han acompañado el desarrollo de la pandemia en el país, una conjunción de elementos que han acentuado la incertidumbre frente a la nueva enfermedad y su manejo.

Abstract The covid-19 pandemic revealed the innumerable shortages that have characterized the nation's inequitable and fragmentary health care system for decades. The main goal of the following reflections is to outline the precarity of working conditions for health care personnel in Mexico, as well as the contradictory statements issued as the epidemic developed in the country, a combination of factors that magnified uncertainty about the new disease and how to deal with it.

Necessidades pessoais de enfermeiros durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em Mato Grosso / Personal needs of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mato Grosso / Necesidades personales de enfermeras durante la pandemia da COVID-19 em Mato Grosso

Objetivo: Identificar as necessidades pessoais de Enfermeiros durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em Mato Grosso. Método: estudo exploratório e qualitativo, realizado em abril de 2020, com Enfermeiros do estado de Mato Grosso. Utilizou-se o discurso do sujeito coletivo e a Teoria das Necessidades Humanas de Maslow. Resultados: Os participantes apresentaram necessidades intermediárias (segurança e sociais) quanto as categorias da teoria de Maslow. Em relação aos discursos foram obtidas quatro ideias centrais: autocuidado, necessidade de afeto, compreensão do distanciamento e prejuízos na relação conjugal. Conclusões: As necessidades pessoais dos Enfermeiros refletem o impacto das medidas protetivas recomendadas durante a pandemia da COVID-19 tanto no contexto laboral como familiar. Descritores: Pandemias; Coronavirus; Pessoal de Saúde; Carência Psicossocial.(AU)

Objective: To identify the personal needs of Nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mato Grosso. Method: exploratory and qualitative study, conducted in April 2020, with Nurses from the state of Mato Grosso. The collective subject discourse and Maslow Theory of Human Needs were used. Results: The participants presented intermediate needs (security and social) regarding the categories of Maslow theory. Regarding the speeches, four central ideas were obtained: self-care, need for affection, understanding of distance and losses in the marital relationship. Conclusions: Nurse personal needs reflect the impact of the protective measures recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic in both the work and family context. Descriptors: Pandemics; Coronavirus; Health Personnel; Psychosocial Deprivation.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar las necesidades personales de las Enfermeras durante la pandemia da COVID-19 en Mato Grosso. Metodo: estudio exploratorio y cualitativo, realizado en abril de 2020, con Enfermeras del estado de Mato Grosso. Se utilizó el discurso del sujeto colectivo y la Teoría de las Necesidades Humanas de Maslow. Resultados: Los participantes presentaron necesidades intermedias (seguridad y sociales) en relación con las categorías de la teoría de Maslow. Con respecto a los discursos, se obtuvieron cuatro ideas centrales: autocuidado, necesidad de afecto, comprensión de la distancia y pérdidas en la relación matrimonial. Conclusiones: Las necesidades personales de las Enfermeras reflejan el impacto de las medidas de protección recomendadas durante la pandemia da COVID-19, tanto en el contexto laboral como familiar. (AU)

Terapia Asistida con Perros en niños y adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Alcohólico Fetal / Dog-Assisted Therapy for children and adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de la Terapia Asistida con Perros (TAP) en niños y adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Alcohólico Fetal (TEAF). MÉTODO: Realizamos un ensayo piloto aleatorizado y controlado, cegado por el evaluador, en una cohorte de 33 niños y adolescentes con TEAF. Los participantes fueron asignados aleatoriamente al grupo TAP (n=17) o al tratamiento habitual (n=16). RESULTADOS: De los 39 participantes iniciales inscritos, 33 completaron el tratamiento. Un análisis de modelo de efectos mixtos reveló que los participantes que fueron asignados al grupo TAP experimentaron mejoras significativas en habilidades sociales (SSIS-P Habilidades sociales: p = 0.02; d = 0.8), reducciones en los síntomas de externalización (CBCL Externalización p = 0.03; d = 0.56) y puntuaciones más bajas en la severidad del TEAF (CGI-S Clínico: p = 0.001; d = 0.5). CONCLUSIONES: La TAP parece ser un tratamiento complementario prometedor para niños y adolescentes con TEAF

OBJECTIVE: The rationale of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Dog Assisted Therapy (DAT) in children and adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). METHOD: We conducted a randomized, rater-blinded, controlled pilot trial in a cohort of 33 children and adolescents with FASD. Participants were randomly assigned either to DAT group (n=17) or Treatment as Usual (TAU control group) (n=16). RESULTS: Of the initial 39 participants enrolled, 33 completed treatment. A mixed-effects model analysis revealed that participants who were assigned to the DAT group experienced significantly improvements on social skills (SSIS-P Social Skills: p = 0.02, d=0.8), reductions on externalizing symptoms (CBCL Externalizing: p = 0.03; d=0.56), and lower scores on FASD severity (CGI-S Clinician: p = 0.001, d=0.5). CONCLUSIONS: DAT is a promising adjunctive treatment for children and adolescents with FASD

Factores de riesgo psicosociales en menores infractores / Psychosocial risk factors in young offenders

INTRODUCCIÓN: La delincuencia juvenil es un fenómeno social multicausal, en el cual se interrelacionan factores socioculturales y económicos, familiares e individuales. En los jóvenes con mayor número de factores de riesgo asociados, las medidas parecen ser insuficientes, tanto en un medio abierto como cerrado, ya que la tasa de reincidencia es más elevada. OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores de riesgo psicosociales que existen a nivel intrapersonal e interpersonal en menores infractores, así como determinar si dichos factores están interrelacionados entre sí. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de artículos encontrados en distintas bases de datos. Se revisaron los artículos que contenían las palabras clave seleccionadas al comienzo del estudio, y de todos ellos, se incluyeron los que cumplían los requisitos de inclusión establecidos, que son la fecha de publicación y el idioma. RESULTADOS: Los resultados constatan la idea de que, en los menores infractores, se dan una serie de factores de riesgo psicosocial en mayor medida que en los jóvenes normalizados. Existen factores relacionados con una familia que tiene estilos de socialización inadecuados, incluso negligentes, acentuado por situaciones económicas muy bajas que suelen estar presentes. Junto a ello, el consumo de sustancias es una variable que se repite continuamente en estos jóvenes; unido a un grupo de pares desviados, que favorecen la aparición de conductas delictivas. DISCUSIÓN: Es posible identificar los principales factores de riesgo psicosocial que se dan en menores infractores, así como definir una interrelación entre dichos factores, pero no es lineal ni se puede homogeneizar. Se necesitan mayor número de recursos y programas de prevención, así como de intervención, tanto a nivel individual como familiar y comunitario

INTRODUCTION: Juvenile delinquency is a multi-causal social phenomenon, in which socio-cultural and economic, family and individual factors are interrelated. In young people with a greater number of associated risk factors, the measures seem to be insufficient, both in open and closed environments, since the rate of recidivism is higher. OBJECTIVE: Identify the psychosocial risk factors that exist at intra and interpersonal level in juvenile offenders, as well as determine if these factors are interrelated. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A literature review of articles found in different databases was carried out. The articles containing the key words selected at the beginning of the study were reviewed, and of all of them, those that met the established inclusion requirements, which are date of publication and language, were included. RESULTS: The results of all the studies analyzed confirm the idea that a greater number of psychosocial risk factors occur in young offenders than in normalized young people. There are factors related to a family that has inadequate socialization styles, even negligent ones, accentuated by very substandard economic situations that are usually present. Along with this, the consumption of substances is a variable that is repeated continuously in these young people; united to a group of deviant pairs, that favor the appearance of criminal behaviours. DISCUSSION: It is possible to identify the main psychosocial risk factors that occur in young offenders, and define an interrelation between these factors, but it is not linear nor can it be homogenized. More resources and prevention programs, as well as intervention, are needed at the individual, family and community levels

Factores psicosociales asociados a la depresión en gestantes atendidas en un centro materno infantil peruano, 2018 / Psychosocial factors associated with depression in pregnant women treated in a peruvian maternal and child center, 2018

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evidencia reporta que más del 20% de las gestantes peruanas presentan depresión, lo cual acarrea complicaciones maternas y problemas neurológicos en el infante. OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores psicosociales que se asocian a la depresión durante el embarazo. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles donde participaron 95 gestantes atendidas en un centro de atención primaria. La depresión fue tamizada mediante el Cuestionario de la salud del paciente (PHQ-9). El análisis bivariado se realizó mediante la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson y el multivariado mediante regresión logística, considerando un nivel de confianza del 95%. RESULTADOS: De las gestantes con depresión, un 57.14% presentó depresión leve y un 36, 73% moderada. Entre los factores asociados (p<0.05) se encontraron el haber presentado un embarazo de bajo riesgo (OR=0.34; IC95%:0.14-0.88), presentar un embarazo no deseado (OR=3.07; IC95%:1.17-8.03), presentar antecedentes de depresión en la infancia (OR=2.72; IC95%:1.04-7.14) y no haber consumido alcohol durante la gestación (OR=0.35; IC95%:0.14-0.89). CONCLUSIONES: Los factores de riesgo para presentar depresión durante el embarazo fueron el haber presentado un embarazo no deseado y antecedentes de depresión durante la infancia, mientras que los factores protectores fueron no haber consumido alcohol durante el embarazo y el considerar a su embarazo de bajo riesgo.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence reports that more than 20% of pregnant women in Peru have depression, leading to maternal and neurological problems in the infant. OBJECTIVE: To identify the psychosocial factors that are associated with depression during pregnancy. METHODS: Case-control study that involved 95 pregnant women assisting to a primary care centre. Depression was screened using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). For bivariate analysis Pearson's and Chi square test was performed and for multivariate logistic regression was used, considered a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: Of pregnant women with depression, 57.14% presented level depression and 36, 73% moderate. Among the associated factors (p <0.05) were having a low risk pregnancy (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.14-0.88), presenting an unwanted pregnancy (OR = 3.07; 95% CI: 1.17-8.03), present a history of depression in childhood (OR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.04-7.14) and have not consumed alcohol during pregnancy (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.14-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors for presenting depression during pregnancy were having had an unwanted pregnancy and a history of depression during childhood, while the protective factors were not having consumed alcohol during pregnancy and considering their pregnancy to be low risk.

Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 y la cuarentena en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres viviendo con VIH en Argentina / mpact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown among Men who have sex with Men living with HIV in Argentina

Introducción: Las personas que viven con VIH (PVV) tienen mayor riesgo de complicaciones de salud mental. Para mitigar la propagación del COVID-19 en nuestro país se estableció una cuarentena temprana. Estudiamos el impacto del estrés relacionado con COVID-19 y la cuarentena en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres que viven con VIH (HSHV) en Argentina.Materiales y métodos: Realizamos una encuesta anónima en abril-mayo de 2020. Se incluyeron PVV en seguimiento en una institución privada en Argentina. Se evaluaron la adherencia a medidas preventivas de COVID-19 y al tratamiento antirretroviral, el acceso a recursos, factores psicosociales y el consumo de sustancias durante la cuarentena. Este análisis se centró en los resultados de HSHV.Resultados: Entre 1336 participantes incluidos, 596 se autoreportaron HSHV (mediana de edad de 44 años, RIC 35-52). La adherencia a la cuarentena fue del 96,8%; la pérdida de empleo en el hogar 55,4%. Se observó interrupción en la obtención de medicamentos antirretrovirales en el 4,9% y el 29,9% reportó adherencia subóptima. Los problemas de salud mental fueron frecuentes: depresión (14,1%), soledad (15,6%) y ansiedad (20,2%).Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio evidenció alta adherencia a las medidas preventivas al inicio de la cuarentena y dificultades en el acceso a los servicios de salud. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha comprometido la economía del país; este estudio muestra su impacto en el acceso de los HSHV a recursos básicos. Dado que la salud mental de los HSHV ha sido afectada, la pandemia resalta la necesidad de una visión integral de la salud de nuestros pacientes

Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of mental health complications. In order to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in our country, an early quarantine was established. We studied the impact of COVID-19-related stress and quarantine in men who have sex with men living with HIV(MSMLH) in Argentina.Materials and methods: An anonymous survey was conducted between April and May 2020. PLWH in follow-up at a private institution in Argentina were included. We assessed adherence to preventive measures of COVID-19 and antiretroviral treatment, access to resources, psychosocial factors and substance use during quarantine. This analysis focused on MSMLH results.Results: Among 1336 participants included, 596 self-reported as MSMLH (median age 44, IQR 35-52). Quarantine adherence was 96.8%; household job loss 55.4%. Interruption to access to antiretroviral medication was observed in 4.9% and 29.9% reported suboptimal adherence. Mental health problems were common: depression (14.1%), loneliness (15.6%) anxiety (20.2%).Conclusions: Our study showed high adherence to preventive measures during the beginning of lockdown and difficulties to access health services. The COVID-19 pandemic has compromised the country's economy; this study shows its impact on MSMLH access to basic resources. Since MSMLH mental health has been affected, the pandemic highlights the need of a comprehensive approach to our patients' health

Brasil: uma nação contra as suas minorias / Brazil: a nation against its minorities / Brasil: una nación contra sus minorías

O artigo aborda a violência racial e o efeito de pensamento vindo de perspectivas minoritárias sobre o genocídio étnico-racial no Brasil. Ao seguir as pistas de uma perspectiva religiosa afro-brasileira sobre pretos velhos, o artigo sonda uma filosofia do tempo que insiste sobre a persistência atual da escravidão. E se, como parece sugerir a religiosidade afro-brasileira, o sistema de escravidão negra iniciado no século XV não terminou? A primeira seção do artigo esboça uma etnografia para retirar consequências dessa proposição sobre a duração do sistema escravista. Na segunda parte, o artigo articula essa proposição a posicionamentos do ativismo antirracista do movimento negro. Por fim se sugere uma leitura da relação entre a problemática racial e os limites da democracia brasileira (AU)

This paper approaches the racial violence and the effects of the thought of the minority perspectives about ethnic-racial genocide in Brasil. Following the leads of an afro-brazilian religious perspective about the preto velho, the article probes a time philosophy that insists in the endurance of the current slavery. And as the afro-Brazilian religiosity suggests, has the black slavery system, that initiated in the 15th century, finished yet? The first section of the article sketches an ethnography to get to the consequences of the proposition concerning the length of the enslavement system. In the second part, the paper articulates this proposition to place the anti-racist activism in the black movement. Finally, it suggests a possible relation between the racial issue and the brazilian democracy

El artículo aborda la violencia racial y el efecto de pensamiento de las perspectivas minoritarias sobre el genocidio étnico-racial en Brasil. Siguiendo las pistas de una perspectiva religiosa afro-brasileña acerca de los pretos velhos, el artículo indaga una filosofía del tiempo que insiste acerca de la persistencia actual de la esclavitud. Según lo que parece sugerir la religiosidad afro-brasileña, el sistema de esclavitud negra iniciado en el siglo XV ¿ha terminado? La primera sección del artículo esboza una etnografía para retirar consecuencias de esa proposición acerca de la duración del sistema esclavista. En la segunda parte el texto articula esa proposición con posicionamientos del activismo antirracista del movimiento negro. Por fin sugiere una lectura de la relación entre la problemática racial y los límites de la democracia brasileña

Implementation factors that predict positive outcomes in a community-based intervention program for at-risk adolescents / Factores de implementación que predicen resultados positivos en un programa de intervención comunitaria para adolescentes en situación de riesgo psicosocial

This study examines the impact of the Building My Future program's implementation variables on attendance rate and on changes in personal, problem-solving, and community competencies. The program is run by local Social Services from Castile and Leon, Spain, and offers opportunities for adolescents to propose and carry out youth-led activities in their community. Data were accumulated from 356 participants, the majority experiencing negative psychosocial conditions, attending a total of 32 groups from 2013 to 2016. Using binary logistic regression and hierarchical linear regression analyses, results showed that having a facilitator with less professional experience, attending larger groups, having a high level of family involvement, and performing fewer modules and fewer extra activities predicted higher attendance rates and more positive task orientation, self-concept, social realization, and problem-solving competencies. Being younger, from an urban area, and having a facilitator with less professional experience predicted a higher score in community integration. These findings reveal that several program implementation components can contribute to the program's development and effectiveness and can also be considered across multiple programs in this field of practice

Este estudio examina la influencia de las variables de la aplicación del programa "Construyendo mi futuro" en el índice de asistencia y el cambio en competencias personales, de resolución de problemas y comunitarias. El programa se ofrece desde los Servicios Sociales de Castilla y León, España, brindando oportunidades para que adolescentes propongan y lleven a cabo actividades en su comunidad. Se recogieron datos de 356 participantes, la mayoría en situación de riesgo psicosocial, que asistieron a un total de 32 grupos desde el año 2013 hasta el año 2016. Mediante análisis de regresión logística binaria y regresión jerárquica lineal, los resultados indican que tener un facilitador con menos experiencia (más joven), asistir a grupos más grandes, disfrutar de un alto nivel de participación familiar y realizar menos módulos y menos actividades adicionales predecían un mayor índice de asistencia. Estas variables predijeron además una mayor orientación hacia la tarea y cambios positivos en autoconcepto, realización social y resolución de problemas. El hecho de ser joven, de zona urbana y tener un facilitador con menor experiencia profesional predecía una mayor puntuación en integración comunitaria. Estos resultados nos revelan cómo determinados componentes de la aplicación del programa pueden contribuir al desarrollo y a la eficacia del mismo, pudiendo igualmente ser considerados en otros muchos programas en este ámbito de intervención