Prevalence and molecular characterization of Trichomonas gallinae from pigeons in Anhui, China.

Trichomonas gallinae, a protozoan parasite causing avian trichomonosis, exhibits a widespread global prevalence. It primarily affects the upper digestive tract of birds and has resulted in significant ecological problems worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genotypes of T. gallinae in Anhui Province, China. A total of 1612 oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from pigeon farms in Anhui Province to determine the prevalence of T. gallinae infection. The results revealed 565 (35.1%) positive samples of T. gallinae. Significant differences in infection rates were observed among different regions and age groups. Furthermore, the ITS1/5.8 S/ITS2 region was amplified, sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Genotypes A and B of T. gallinae were identified, and genotype B was the dominant genotype in Anhui Province. This is the first report on the prevalence and molecular characterization of T. gallinae in Anhui Province, China. Additionally, we integrated reports on the prevalence and genotype of T. gallinae in relevant provinces in China.

Distribution of phoretic mites and lice in Pseudolynchia canariensis living on pigeons and the relationship with seasonality, carrier sex, plumage coloration and age of definitive hosts.

Among the parasites, some groups that have a limited capacity for locomotion, such as mites and lice, the transmission is challenging to win. These ectoparasites disperse through direct contact between hosts or, in some cases, through phoresy. However, these processes are not well-documented in detail because they are difficult to observe and quantify. In the present study, the patterns of distribution of skin mites and phoretic lice on hippoboscid louse fly Pseudolynchia canariensis sampled from Columba livia were evaluated. The analyzed pigeons were juveniles and adults, with three distinct plumage colors: blue checker, spread, or wild type, and were caught over 24 months. A total of 1,381 hippoboscid flies were collected on 377 hosts. The plumage color did not influence the infestation patterns of louse flies on juvenile and adult pigeons, nor did it influence the infestation patterns of skin mites and phoretic lice on the hippoboscid flies. However, the environmental temperature was directly related to higher prevalence, mean infestation intensity, and phoretic species richness on P. canariensis during the hottest seasons. Furthermore, a higher abundance of phoretic mite eggs, including embryonated eggs, was observed in females of P. canariensis in all seasons.

Selection of a suitable reference gene for gene-expression studies in Trichomonas gallinae under various biotic and abiotic stress conditions.

Trichomonas gallinae, a globally distributed protozoan parasite, significantly affects the pigeon-breeding industry. T. gallinae infection mainly causes yellow ulcerative nodules on the upper respiratory tract and crop mucosa of pigeons, impeding normal breathing and feeding and ultimately causing death. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a crucial technique for gene-expression analysis in molecular biology. Reference-gene selection for normalization is critical for ensuring this technique's accuracy. However, no systematic screening or validation of T. gallinae reference genes has been reported. This study quantified the transcript levels of ten candidate reference genes in T. gallinae isolates with different genotypes and culture conditions using qPCR. Using the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper algorithms, we assessed these reference genes' stabilities and ranked them using RankAggreg analysis. The most stable reference gene was tubulin beta chain (TUBB), while the widely used reference genes TUBG and GAPDH demonstrated poor stability. Additionally, we evaluated these candidate reference genes' stabilities using the T. gallinae TgaAtg8 gene. On using TUBB as a reference gene, TgaAtg8's expression profiles in T. gallinae isolates with different genotypes remained relatively consistent under various culture conditions. Conversely, using ACTB as a reference gene distorted the data. These findings provide valuable reference-gene-selection guidance for functional gene research and gene-expression analysis in T. gallinae.

Meningoencephalitis with malacia caused by Sarcocystis calchasi in a rock pigeon in Japan.

Sarcocystis spp. cause pigeon protozoan encephalitis, a neuronal disease. A female pigeon exhibiting torticollis had a necrotic area in the cerebral hemisphere surrounded by lesions with perivascular cuffing, gliosis, granulomatous foci, and meningitis. Non-necrotic lesions were also observed in the brainstem. Intact and degenerative schizonts were observed within the neuropils and neurons in the lesions. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from paraffin-embedded brain tissues and genetically analyzed after gel electrophoresis to determine Sarcocystis spp. using specific primer sets for 28S ribosomal ribonucleic acid and internal transcribed spacer region-1. DNA sequencing confirmed a significant homology with S. calchasi. This is the first report of meningoencephalitis with malacia caused by S. calchasi in a rock pigeon in Japan.

Finding a needle in a haystack: DNA Haemoproteus columbae enrichment using percoll density gradient and flow cytometry.

Isolation of genomic DNA of blood parasites in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes is a challenging task, given that their red blood cells are nucleated; for that reason, parasite genomic DNA is only a fraction of the total extracted DNA, and it is challenging to obtain concentrated high-quality genetic material. Percoll Density Gradient (PDG) and flow cytometry are tools for separating and analyzing cell populations or even a single cell, and both represent potent approaches for isolating avian haemosporidians parasites. Our experimental design included several steps seeking to concentrate the parasite´s DNA. We used blood samples from a Rock pigeon infected with Haemoproteus columbae. After inducing parasite exflagellation and gametogenesis in vitro, we subjected the samples to a Percoll Density Gradient to separate the parasites from the rest of the blood cells. Following centrifugation, the layer containing extracellular parasites underwent a flow cytometry and cell sorting process, during which we selected two different subpopulations of cells for analysis. Based on qPCR analyses, we demonstrate parasite DNA enrichment in Percoll Density Gradient and flow cytometry samples; simultaneously, these samples showed the lowest concentration of Columba livia DNA. However, the concentration of parasite DNA was higher in the PDG than in the cell sorting sample. This study reports the concentration of the Haemoproteus parasite by flow cytometry without DNA-intercalating dyes, and this methodology can serve as a technique for DNA enrichment of blood parasites infecting nucleated red blood cells to improve techniques that allow obtaining complete genomes.

Prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in Punjab region, Pakistan / Prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) na região de Punjab, Paquistão

The current study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in rock pigeons in different regions of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 120 birds were captured from March 2017 to February 2019. The ectoparasites were collected by standard procedures and preserved in 70% ethanol containing one drop of glycerin. Data related to age, health status, sex, type of area, sampling location and season were collected using a standardized form. Ectoparasites were identified based on morphological characteristics by using identification keys. Ninety-six (80%) birds were infested with ectoparasites. A total of seven families and thirteen species of different ectoparasites were observed. Mainly, seven species of lice, two species of flies, one species of tick and three species of mites were recovered from infested birds. The female pigeons were more often infested (89.02%) than male pigeons (60.52%). The prevalence was found higher during summer (100%) as compared to other seasons. The infestation rate was higher in Industrial area (97.50%) as compared to other regions. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites (100%) was recorded from Sargodha district. There was significant (P < 0.05) variation among number of ectoparasites on wing, chest, tail and neck within age groups, seasons and ecological zones. The occurrence of parasites in relation to area, age, health status, sex and season were significant. The infestation rate of parasites in rock pigeon is high in different districts of Punjab. It is recommended that these wild birds infested with multiple species of ectoparasites could be the potential source of infestations in domesticated birds if they come in contact with them. The contact of domesticated birds should be prevented from wild birds to minimize the chance of cross species transmission of ectoparasites.

O presente estudo foi realizado para estimar a prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em pombos-das-rochas em diferentes regiões de Punjab, Paquistão. Um total de 120 aves foram capturadas de março de 2017 a fevereiro de 2019. Os ectoparasitas foram coletados por procedimentos padrão e preservados em etanol 70% contendo uma gota de glicerina. Os dados relativos à idade, estado de saúde, sexo, tipo de área, local de amostragem e época do ano foram coletados em formulário padronizado. Os ectoparasitas foram identificados com base nas características morfológicas por meio de chaves de identificação. Noventa e seis (80%) aves estavam infestadas com ectoparasitas. Um total de sete famílias e treze espécies de diferentes ectoparasitas foram observados. Principalmente, sete espécies de piolhos, duas espécies de moscas, uma espécie de carrapato e três espécies de ácaros foram recuperadas de aves infestadas. Os pombos fêmeas foram infestados mais frequentemente (89,02%) do que os pombos machos (60,52%). A prevalência encontrada foi maior no verão (100%) em comparação com as outras estações. A taxa de infestação foi maior na área Industrial (97,50%) em relação às demais regiões. A maior prevalência de ectoparasitas (100%) foi registrada no distrito de Sargodha. Houve variação significativa (P <0,05) entre o número de ectoparasitas na asa, tórax, cauda e pescoço dentro das faixas etárias, estações do ano e zonas ecológicas. A ocorrência de parasitas em relação à área, idade, estado de saúde, sexo e estação do ano foi significativa. A taxa de infestação de parasitas em pombo-correio é alta em diferentes distritos de Punjab. Recomenda-se que essas aves selvagens infestadas com várias espécies de ectoparasitas possam ser a fonte potencial de infestações em aves domesticadas se entrarem em contato com elas. O contato de aves domesticadas deve ser evitado com aves selvagens para minimizar a chance de transmissão cruzada de ectoparasitas.

Pigeon mite: An underdiagnosed cause of papular urticaria

Background: Dermanyssus gallinae, known as bird mite, generally lives on nestlings’ featherless skin. Humans are accidentally infected, and itchy dermatitis is induced when the mites are unable to use birds’ blood. The diagnosis is difficult due to the very small size and rapid movement of the mites, which make them hard to spot. Case presentation: A 14-year-old male and his mother were referred to the allergy clinic complaining of a 2-week generalized itchy cutaneous papular lesion, unresponsive to antihista-mines, with the feeling of an insect moving on the surface of the skin. Due to the history of recently hatched pigeons nesting on their balcony and finding very small bugs, diagnosed as D. gallinae, they were instructed to clean the pigeon’s nest as the source of these parasites, which successfully solved the problem. Conclusion: Bird mite infestation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent pruritus and urticaria, refractory to conventional treatments. Physicians should be aware of this mite infestation in approach to any patient with papular urticaria (AU)

Evaluation of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen to treat coccidiosis in wild pigeons / Avaliação da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho no tratamento da coccidiose em pombos selvagens de Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Coccidiosis remains one of the major problems in poultry all over the world. Very limited data on anticoccidial drugs in wild pigeons is available. The current study was aimed to understand the comparative efficacy of sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen in wild pigeons of Dir district, Pakistan suffering from coccidiosis. The faecal matter of wild pigeons were purchased from the local market for coccidian infection. Results revealed that 88.8% (16/18) were found infected with Eimeria spp. Three positive groups were treated with sulfadimidine (0.2mg/L), amprolium (25mg/L) and triquen. Sulfadimidine was most effective (45%) followed by amprolium (44.6%) while triquen (24.0%) showed less effectiveness against coccidiosis in pigeons. Number of oocysts were 79, 81 and 80 before treatment and 60, 44 and 44 after treatment with sulfadimidine, amprolium and triquen respectively. This study showed that sulphadimidine, amprolium and triquen could not significantly reduce the coccidiosis in pigeons. Further studies are required to clear the mechanism of anti-coccidial drugs in wild pigeons.

A coccidiose continua sendo um dos maiores problemas em aves de todo o mundo. Dados muito limitados sobre drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens estão disponíveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender a eficácia comparativa da sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho em pombos selvagens do distrito de Dir, no Paquistão, que sofrem de coccidiose. A matéria fecal dos pombos selvagens foi comprada no mercado local para infecção por coccídios. Os resultados revelaram que 88,8% (16/18) foram encontrados infectados com Eimeria spp. Três grupos positivos foram tratados com sulfadimidina (0,2mg / L), amprólio (25mg / L) e triquenho. A sulfadimidina foi mais eficaz (45%), seguida pelo amprólio (44,6%), enquanto o triquenho (24,0%) apresentou menor efetividade contra a coccidiose em pombos. O número de oocistos foram 79, 81 e 80 antes do tratamento e 60, 44 e 44 após o tratamento com sulfadimidina, amprólio e triquenho, respectivamente. Este estudo mostrou que sulphadimidine, amprolium e triquen não poderiam reduzir significativamente a coccidiose em pombos. Mais estudos são necessários para limpar o mecanismo de drogas anticoccidiais em pombos selvagens.

First molecular detection of Haemoproteus spp. and Plasmodium spp. in eared doves (Zenaida auriculata) in Brazil / Primeira detecção molecular de Haemoproteus spp. e Plasmodium spp. em pombos (Zenaida auriculata) no Brasil

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the presence and identify the species of haemosporidian parasites in eared doves (Zenaida auriculata) in Brazil. Two hundred and eleven male and female eared doves were trap-captured in four different regions of Londrina city, in southern Brazil. Whole blood was collected in EDTA tubes through heart puncture after euthanasia in a CO2 chamber. A nested PCR targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) of Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp. was performed, followed by an enzymatic digestion to identify the genus. Phylogenetic trees were constructed to determine the closely related species. Out of 211 eared doves, 209 (99.05%) were positive for Haemoproteus spp. and/or Plasmodium spp. RFLP analysis showed that 72.72% (152/209) of eared doves were positive only for Haemoproteus spp., 6.22% (13/209) were positive only for Plasmodium spp., and 21.05% (44/209) of eared doves had mixed infections. Genetic analysis found four samples that were homologous with Haemoproteus multipigmentatus and one that was homologous with Plasmodium sp. This is the first molecular study of hemoparasites from eared doves in Brazil, and it is also the first description of H. multipigmentatus and Plasmodium spp. infection in eared doves in Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presença e a identificação espécies de parasitas hemosporídeos em pombos (Zenaida auriculata) no Brasil. Duzentos e onze pombos machos e fêmeas foram capturados em quatro regiões diferentes de Londrina, sul do Brasil. Amostra de sangue foi coletada em tubos contendo EDTA por meio de punção cardíaca, após eutanásia em câmara de CO2. Uma nested PCR com alvo no gene mitocondrial citocromo b (cyt b) de Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp. foi realizada, seguida de digestão enzimática para identificar o gênero. A árvore filogenética foi construída para determinar a relação com outras espécies. Das 211 pombas, 209 (99,05%) foram positivas para Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp. A análise RFLP demonstrou que 72,72% (152/209) das pombas foram positivas somente para Haemoproteus spp.; 6,22% (13/209) foram positivas somente para Plasmodium e 21,05% (44/209) das pombas tiveram infecções mistas. A análise genética mostrou quatro amostras homólogas com H. multipigmentatus e uma com Plasmodium spp. Este é o primeiro estudo molecular de hemoparasitas em pombos no Brasil. E é também a primeira descrição da infecção por H. multipigmentatus e Plasmodium spp. em pombos Z. auriculata no Brasil.

First study of Cryptosporidium spp. occurrence in eared doves (Zenaida auriculata) / Primeiro estudo de ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. em pomba-de-bando (Zenaida auriculata)

Abstract Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite with a wide range of hosts, including humans. However, only a few Cryptosporidium species have been described in birds (C. meleagridis, C. baileyi, C. galli and C. avium). The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in feces of eared doves (Zenaida auriculata), followed by molecular characterization of the parasite. A total of 196 animals of both sexes were trap-captured; the animals were culled and the intestinal contents were collected for DNA extraction. After extraction, a nested-PCR (nPCR), which amplifies a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium spp., was performed. The amplicons obtained were purified and sequenced. PCR analysis revealed that 30 animals (15.3%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. There was no significant sex-dependent enrichment of Cryptosporidium occurrence (p > 0.05). Only 15 out of the 30 positive samples were successfully sequenced and their species determined, of which, 13 (86.7%) and 2 (13.3%) were C. meleagridis and C. galli, respectively. Herein, we present for the first time a molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from feces of eared doves (Z. auriculata) and propose that these birds are a potential source of C. meleagridis infection in humans.

Resumo Cryptosporidium é um protozoário com uma grande variedade de hospedeiros, incluindo os seres humanos. No entanto, poucas espécies têm sido descritas em aves (Cryptosporidium meleagridis, C. baileyi, C. galli e C. avium). O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. em fezes de pombas-de-bando (Zenaida auriculata), e realizar a caracterização molecular dos isolados. Um total de 196 animais de ambos os sexos foram capturados, eutanasiados e o conteúdo intestinal recolhido para extração de DNA. Após a extração, realizou-se uma nested-PCR (nPCR), que amplifica um fragmento do gene 18S rRNA do Cryptosporidium spp.. Os fragmentos obtidos foram purificados e encaminhados para sequenciamento. Os resultados da n-PCR revelaram 30 animais (15.3%) positivos para Cryptosporidium spp.. Quanto ao sexo dos animais não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas (p > 0.05). Somente 15 de 30 amostras positivas foram sequenciadas com sucesso e as espécies determinadas, das quais, 13 (86.7%) e 2 (13.3%) foram C. meleagridis e C. galli, respectivamente. Esse é o primeiro estudo com caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium de fezes de pombas-de-bando (Z. auriculata), e propõe serem esses animais potenciais fonte de infecção de C. meleagridis para humanos.

Feral pigeons (Columba livia) as potential reservoirs of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli / Pombos de vida livre (Columba livia) e seu potencial como reservatórios de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli

This study aimed to review the scientific literature for information about free-living pigeons (Columba livia) as potential reservoirs of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli. Rock doves are currently adapted to the urban environment and distributed all over the world. These birds carry microorganisms that are pathogenic for man and other animals, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Among these microorganisms, Salmonella is a pathogenic genus that cause severe economic losses and it is zoonotic, causing foodborne infections in humans. In addition, Escherichia coli is an worrisome species involved in the poultry industry. However, this micro-organism is also a risk to the public health, considering pathotypes that are known to cause diseases in man have been isolated from feral pigeons. The infections caused by these bacteria depend on virulence factors that provide the necessary tools to develop the disease. These factors are encoded by genes that may be found in pathogenicity islands inside the bacterial genome. In addition, pigeons may harbor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, which may pass this characteristic to other strains, and present a risk to the public health as well. In conclusion, pigeons are reservoirs of strains of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli that may present high levels of resistance to antibiotics.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar na literatura científica informações sobre os pombos de vida livre (Columba livia) e seu potencial como reservatórios de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli. Os pombos, atualmente adaptados ao meio urbano, encontram-se distribuídos por todo o mundo e carreiam micro-organismos patogênicos ao homem e a outros animais, podendo ser um dos responsáveis pela disseminação de bactérias, fungos, vírus e parasitas. Entre esses micro-organismos, a Salmonella é um patógeno que gera grande preocupação para a economia e para a saúde pública mundial, uma vez que cria transtornos para a indústria avícola quando ocorrem a contaminação dos plantéis e, consequentemente, o risco para a saúde humana por conta de surtos de toxi-infecções alimentares causados por essa bactéria. Outra bactéria preocupante para a indústria avícola e para a saúde pública é a Escherichia coli, uma vez que alguns patotipos patogênicos para o homem já foram isolados de pombos de vida livre. O desenvolvimento de infecções por essas bactérias depende de fatores que são codificados por genes de virulência que podem ser encontrados nas ilhas de patogenicidade de cepas patogênicas. Os pombos podem também albergar cepas com carga genética resistente a antibióticos, passíveis de serem transmitidas a outras bactérias e, portanto, de trazer riscos para a saúde pública. Dessa forma, com base nessas informações, conclui-se que os pombos são reservatórios de cepas de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, que podem apresentar elevado potencial de virulência, com altos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

Acute prurigo simplex in humans caused by pigeon lice

Abstract: Pigeon lice are insects that feed on feathers of these birds; their life cycle includes egg, nymph and adult and they may cause dermatoses in humans. Four persons of the same family, living in an urban area, presented with widespread intensely pruritic erythematous papules. A great number of lice were seen in their house, which moved from a nest of pigeons located on the condenser of the air-conditioning to the dormitory of one of the patients. Even in urban environments, dermatitis caused by parasites of birds is a possibility in cases of acute prurigo simplex. Pigeon lice are possible etiological agents of this kind of skin eruption, although they are often neglected, even by dermatologists.

Attributable risk of Capillaria species in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) / Risco atribuível de espécies Capillaria em pombos domésticos (Columba livia domestica)

Fecal samples were collected from 120 domestic pigeons to determine the Attributable risk of Capillaria spp. The Capillaria spp. was observed in 64 out of 120 (51%) pigeons (70 males and 50 females) under this study. A total of 64 (39 males and 25 females) were found naturally infected with Capillaria spp. with infection percentage of 51% and 50% in males and females respectively. Qualitative examinations include the direct microscopy and faecal floatation while quantitative examination includes McMaster technique (worms load was calculated per gram of the faeces). Month wise Attributable risk showed that eggs of the worms were found to be abundant in the month of July during the present study (60% to 73%) because of high humidity. Very high and very low temperature is not suitable for the proper development of the eggs. Qualitative and quantitative examination revealed that Capillaria spp. was more prevalent in males (51%) than females (50%) but overall there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the male and female because both individuals invest equal amount of energy in search of food and incubating the eggs. Different breeds of pigeons gave different Attributable risk in different months during the study. Groups of pigeons from different locations showed different variable Attributable risk. Areas with high humidity were more suitable for the development of eggs, which is the reason why higher Attributable risk was observed in Shahdara (75%) area of Lahore, Pakistan.(AU)

Amostras de fezes foram coletadas de 120 pombos domésticos para determinar os fatores de risco de Capillaria spp. Capillaria spp. foi observado em 64 de 120 (51%) pombos (70 machos e 50 fêmeas) neste estudo. Um total de 64 (39 machos e 25 fêmeas) foram naturalmente infectados com Capillaria spp. sendo 51% em machos e 50% em fêmeas. Exames qualitativos incluem microscopia direta e suspensão de fezes, e exames quantitativos incluem a técnica McMaster (vermes são calculados por grama de fezes). O risco por mês demonstrou que ovos dos vermes foram encontrados em abundância no mês de Julho durante o presente estudo (60% a 73%) por causa da alta umidade. Temperaturas muito altas e muito baixas não são adequadas para o desenvolvimento adequado de ovos. O exame qualitativo e quantitativo revelou que Capillaria spp. era mais prevalente em machos (51%) que em fêmeas (50%), mas no geral não houve diferença significativa (P>0.05) entre machos e fêmeas porque ambos investem a mesma energia na busca por alimento e incubação de ovos. Diferentes raças de pombos tem diferentes riscos em diferentes meses durante o estudo. Grupos de pombos de diferentes locais demonstraram risco diferenciado. Áreas com alta umidade eram mais propensas para o desenvolvimento de ovos, o motivo pelo qual maior risco foi observado em shahdara (75%).(AU)

Histopathological changes in the kidneys of vertebrate hosts infected naturally and experimentally withParatanaisia bragai (Trematoda, Digenea)

Paratanaisia bragai is a trematode parasite that reaches sexual maturity in the kidney collecting ducts of domesticated and wild fowl and whose intermediate hosts are the snails Subulina octona and Leptinaria unilamellata. There are some discrepancies in descriptions of the pathology of this parasite in bird kidneys. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the kidneys of rock pigeons (Columba livia) naturally infected and of chickens (Gallus gallus) experimentally infected with Paratanaisia bragai, by means of macroscopic observation and by light and scanning electron microscopy. Both bird species showed significantly dilated collecting ducts. In addition, lymphocyte infiltration was observed in the kidneys of C. livia and metaplasia in the epithelial lining of the kidney collecting ducts of G. gallus.

Paratanaisia bragai é um trematódeo que atinge sua maturidade sexual nos ductos coletores de rins de aves domésticas e silvestres, tendo os moluscos Subulina octona e Leptinaria unilamellata como hospedeiros intermediários. A patologia descrita no rim das aves apresenta uma série de divergências. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar rins de Columba livia, naturalmente infectada, e de Gallus gallus infectados experimentalmente por Paratanaisia bragai. Através das análises, verificaram-se alterações macroscópicas, por microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura, sendo caracterizada significativa dilatação dos túbulos coletores. Essas alterações foram observadas nas aves infectadas naturalmente e experimentalmente. Por outro lado, foi observada infiltração linfocitária nos rins de C. livia, naturalmente infectada, e ocorrência de metaplasia no revestimento epitelial dos túbulos coletores dos rins de G. gallus, experimentalmente infectados.

Is imidacloprid an effective alternative for controlling pyrethroid-resistant populations of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Gran Chaco ecoregion?

The prevention of Chagas disease is based primarily on the chemical control of Triatoma infestans (Klug) using pyrethroid insecticides. However, high resistance levels, correlated with control failures, have been detected in Argentina and Bolivia. A previous study at our laboratory found that imidacloprid could serve as an alternative to pyrethroid insecticides. We studied the delayed toxicity of imidacloprid and the influence of the blood feeding condition of the insect on the toxicity of this insecticide; we also studied the effectiveness of various commercial imidacloprid formulations against a pyrethroid-resistant T. infestans population from the Gran Chaco ecoregion. Variations in the toxic effects of imidacloprid were not observed up to 72 h after exposure and were not found to depend on the blood feeding condition of susceptible and resistant individuals. Of the three different studied formulations of imidacloprid on glass and filter paper, only the spot-on formulation was effective. This formulation was applied to pigeons at doses of 1, 5, 20 and 40 mg/bird. The nymphs that fed on pigeons treated with 20 mg or 40 mg of the formulation showed a higher mortality rate than the control group one day and seven days post-treatment (p < 0.01). A spot-on formulation of imidacloprid was effective against pyrethroid-resistant T. infestans populations at the laboratory level.

Occurrence of gastrointestinal and renal helminths in Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs, 1847) trap-captured from Brazil / Ocorrência de helmintos gastrintestinais e renais em Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs, 1847) capturados no Brasil

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal and renal helminths from naturally infected Zenaida auriculata captured in Londrina, Paraná State. Two hundred and one Eared doves were trapped and the gastrointestinal and renal helminths were collected and identified according to morphological structures. One hundred and sixteen (57.71%) doves were parasitized by helminths with specific prevalences for Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus in 50 doves (24.88%), Ascaridia columbae in 47 (23.38%), Paratanaisia bragai and P. confusa in 34 (16.92%),Tetrameres fissispina in 17 (8.46%), Synhimantus nasuta in 14 (6.47%), Brachylaima mazzantii in 4 (1.99%) and Raillietina allomyodes in 2 doves (1.00%). Seventy four/201 (37.00%) birds were infected with only one species, and 96/201 (48.00%) pigeons were infected with nematodes. The association between different classes of helminths occurred in 40/201 (20.00%) animals. The results showed statistically differences between the presence of nematode (p = 0.00001) and trematode species (p ≤ 0.05) in the doves, and there was an association between the local of capture and the presence of trematodes and A. columbae (p ≤ 0.05). This study is the first to report the infection of Z. auriculata from Brazil with O. quadriradiatus, A. columbae, T. fissispina, S. nasuta, R. allomyodes, P. bragai and P. confusa.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de helmintos gastrintestinais e renais de Zenaida auriculata naturalmente infectados capturados em Londrina, Paraná. Duzentos e um pombos-de-bando foram capturados e os helmintos gastrintestinais e renais foram coletados e identificados de acordo com as estruturas morfológicas. Cento e dezesseis (57,71%) pombos estavam parasitados por helmintos com as seguintes prevalências: Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus em 50 pombos (24,88%), seguido por Ascaridia columbae em 47 (23,38%), Paratanaisia bragai e P. confusa em 34 (16,92%), Tetrameres fissispina em 17 (8,46%), Synhimantus nasuta em 14 (6,47%), Brachylaima mazzantii em 4 (1,99%) e Raillietina allomyodes em 2 pombos (1,00%). Setenta e quatro/201 (37,00%) aves apresentaram-se infectadas por apenas uma espécie, e 96/201 (48,00%) pombos com nematodas. A associação entre diferentes classes de helmintos ocorreu em 40/201 (20,00%) animais. Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatísticas entre a presença de nematodas (p = 0,00001) e trematodas (p ≤ 0,05) em pombos, e houve associação entre o local de captura e a presença de trematodas e A. columbae (p ≤ 0,05). Este trabalho é o primeiro a relatar a infecção de Z. auriculata no Brasil com O. quadriradiatus, A. columbae, T. fissispina, S. nasuta, R. allomyodes, P. bragaie P. confusa.

Hypodectes propus (Acarina: Hypoderatidae) in a rufous turtle dove, Streptopelia orientalis (Aves: Columbiformes), in Japan

An adult male rufous turtle dove, Streptopelia (S.) orientalis (Aves: Columbiformes), was found dead in Yorii-machi Town, Osato District 369-1217, Saitama Prefecture, Japan, and subjected to necropsy. A large number of immobile hypopi (deutonymphs) of the hypoderatid mite, Hypodectes (H.) propus (Acarina: Hypoderatidae), were found individually encapsulated subcutaneously primarily in the adipose tissue. The mites were 1.43 mm in length and 0.44 mm in width on average, and had provoked mild inflammatory reactions that predominantly manifested as foamy macrophages and lymphoplasmocytes. PCR analysis using ribosomal DNA extracted from paraffin-blocked tissues produced a 240 bp band specific for hypoderatids. Based on the morphological features (distinct coxal apodemes, especially in the anterior portion) and PCR-based findings, the hypopi were identified as H. propus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case describing the subcutaneous mite H. propus in a rufous turtle dove, S. orientalis, in Japan. This study also highlights the use of paraffin blocks as a source of tissue DNA for molecular evaluation.

Phthiraptera and Gamasida Parasites of Columbina picui (Temminck) (Columbiformes: Columbidae) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil / Phthiraptera e Gamasida parasitos de Columbina picui (Temminck) (Columbiformes: Columbidae) no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Thirty-two specimens of Columbina picui (picui ground-dove) were examined, and a collection of arthropods was made by washing the external surface of the body and the nasal cavity. The species in the order Phthiraptera found and their respective prevalences, mean abundance and mean intensity were: Columbicola passerinae (84.4%; 10.3; 12.2), Hohorstiella passerinae (21.9%; 0.7; 3.1) and Physconelloides eurysema (3.1%; 0.1; 2). The gamasid mites found in the birds and their respective prevalences, mean abundance and mean intensity were: Pellonyssus marui (31.3%; 1.2; 3.9), Ornithonyssus bursa (15.6%; 0.2. ;1.2) and Mesonyssus sp. (6.3%; 0.1; 1). Columbicola passerinae, H. passerinae, P. eurysema, O. bursa, P. marui and Mesonyssus sp. were recorded for the first time infecting C. picui in Brazil. Except for O. bursa, the other species are reported for the first time in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Foram examinados 32 espécimes de Columbina picui (rolinha-picui), sendo que a coleta de artrópodes foi realizada por meio de lavagem da superfície externa do corpo e da cavidade nasal. As espécies da ordem Phthiraptera encontradas e suas respectivas prevalências, abundância média e intensidade média foram: Columbicola passerinae (84,4%; 10,3; 12,2), Hohorstiella passerinae (21,9%; 0,7; 3,1) e Physconelloides eurysema (3,1%; 0,1; 2). Os ácaros Gamasida encontrados nas aves e suas respectivas prevalências, abundância média e intensidade média foram: Pellonyssus marui (31,3%; 1,2; 3,9), Ornithonyssus bursa (15,6%; 0,2; 1,2) e Mesonyssus sp. (6,3%; 0,1; 1). Columbicola passerinae, H. passerinae, P. eurysema, O. bursa, P. marui e Mesonyssus sp. são relatados pela primeira vez parasitando C. picui no Brasil. Exceto O. bursa, as demais espécies são relatadas pela primera vez no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

Toxoplasma gondii: diagnosis of experimental and natural infection in pigeons (Columba livia) by serological, biological and molecular techniques / Toxoplasma gondii: diagnóstico da infecção experimental e natural em pombos (Columba livia) por métodos sorológicos, biológicos e moleculares

This study aimed to diagnose experimental and natural Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigeons (Columba livia) by serological, biological and molecular techniques. Twelve pigeons, free of infection, were inoculated with 50 sporulated oocysts of T. gondii (VEG sample) and four remained uninfected controls. Four birds (three infected and one control) were euthanized at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days post-infection (dpi), and their tissues were used to perform a bioassay in mice and nested-PCR using B1 gene as target. Blood was obtained weekly and it was tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies by the indirect Fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and modified agglutination test (MAT). Seven (58.3%) out of 12 inoculated pigeons were positive by serological techniques and titers ranged between 1:40 and 1:5120 by MAT and between 1:512 and 1:4096 by IFAT. Complete agreement was seen between the results obtained by serological techniques and nested-PCR in seven positive birds. In the bioassay in mice, ive (41.7%) out of 12 pigeons inoculated were positive to T. gondii. Only one pigeon died at 23 dpi due to toxoplasmosis. A second study with free-living pigeons was performed for detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. Birds were captured in the municipalities of São Paulo, Ibiúna and Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil. All 126 free-living birds were negative to anti-T. gondii antibodies by MAT (titer < 1:5). Bioassays were performed in mice with tissues from all captured birds and T. gondii was not isolated in any pigeon.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo diagnosticar a infecção experimental e natural pelo Toxoplasma gondii em pombos (Columba livia) por técnicas sorológicas, biológicas e moleculares. Doze pombos, livres de infecção, foram inoculados com 50 oocistos esporulados de T. gondii (amostra VEG), e quatro permaneceram como controles não infectados. Aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias pós-infecção (dpi), quatro aves (três infectadas e uma controle) foram sacrificadas e com seus tecidos realizou-se bioensaio em camundongos e nested-PCR, utilizando-se B1 como gene alvo. Sangue, para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, foi obtido semanalmente, e a presença de anticorpos foi determinada pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e pela técnica de aglutinação modificada (MAT). Dos 12 pombos inoculados, sete (58,3%) foram positivos pelas técnicas sorológicas, apresentando títulos que variaram de 40 a 5.120 no MAT e de 512 a 4.096 na RIFI. Concordância total foi observada entre os resultados obtidos pelas técnicas sorológicas e pela nested-PCR com sete animais positivos. No bioensaio em camundongos, dos 12 pombos inoculados, cinco (41,7%) foram positivos ao T. gondii. Apenas um pombo veio a óbito no 23° dpi, devido à toxoplasmose. Um segundo estudo, com pombos de vida livre, foi realizado para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-T. gondii. As aves foram capturadas nos municípios de São Paulo, Ibiúna e Sorocaba, Estado de São Paulo. Todos os 126 pombos de vida livre foram negativos a anticorpos anti-T. gondii, testados pelo MAT (título < 5). Foram realizados bioensaios em camundongos com tecidos de todas as aves capturadas e também, por esta técnica, T. gondii não foi isolado em nenhuma ave.

Aspectos da associação forética dos ácaros Myialges spp. (Astigmata: Epidermoptidae) e Ornitocheyletia hallae Volgin (Prostigmata: Cheyletidae) com a mosca Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart) (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) / Phoretic association of the Mites Myialges spp. (Astigmata: Epidermoptidae) and Ornitocheyletia hallae Volgin (Prostigmata: Cheyletidae) with the Fly Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart) (Diptera: Hippoboscidae)

O presente estudo avaliou aspectos da associação forética de ácaros em moscas Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart) de pombos-domésticos, Columba livia, em Juiz de Fora, MG. O total de 236 ácaros foréticos foram encontrados em 74 das 156 moscas analisadas (47,4 por cento). A prevalência para Myialges anchora Sergent & Trouessart foi de 23,7 por cento, com intensidade média de 1,5 ± 0,90 e abundância média de 0,4 ± 0,76 presentes no abdome (n = 51); 75,9 por cento desses ácaros (n = 41) estavam circundados por ovos, com média de 21,6 ± 12,90 ovos por fêmea ovígera. Para M.lophortyx (Furmann & Tharshis), a prevalência foi de 13,5 por cento (n = 21), com 62 indivíduos (intensidade média de 3,0 ± 2,75) e abundância média de 0,4 ± 1,41); 41,9 por cento destes na asa direita (n = 26) e 58,1 por cento, na asa esquerda (n = 36); 72,6 por cento (n = 45) apresentavam massas ovígeras, com média de 6,3 ± 3,04 ovos por fêmea ovígera. A prevalência de Ornithocheyletia hallae Volgin foi de 23,7 por cento (n = 37), com 120 indivíduos (intensidade média de 3,2 ± 4,47 e abundância média de 0,8 ± 2,56). Em 28,4 por cento (n = 21) das moscas ocorreram infestações simultâneas, principalmente por M.anchora e O.hallae, presentes em 66,7 por cento (n = 14) das moscas com incidência mista. Os ácaros apresentaram distribuição agregada. Ornithocheyletia hallae apresentou-se mais agregada, enquanto M.anchora e M.lophortyx apresentaram o mesmo valor de K.

This study evaluated aspects of population ecology and community component of mites in Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart) of domestic pigeons Columba livia in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 236 forest mites were found in 74 out of 156 fl ies (47.4 percent infestation). The prevalence for Myialges anchora Sergent & Trouessart was 23.7 percent, with average intensity 1.5 ± 0.90 and average abundance 0.4 ± 0.76, mostly (94.4 percent) located on the abdomen; 75.9 percent of the mites (n = 41) surrounded by eggs, with a mean of 16.4 ± 14.60 eggs per individual and 21.6 ± 12.90 eggs per ovigerous female. The prevalence for M.lophortyx (Furmann & Tharshis) was 13.5 percent (n = 21) with 62 individuals, mean intensity 3.0 ± 2.75 average abundance 0.4 ± 1.41; 41.9 percent (n = 26) located at the right wing and 58.1 percent (n = 36) were in the left wing; 72.6 percent (n = 45) showed ovigerous mass, with 4.56 ± 3.42 per each individual and 6.3 ± 3.04 per ovigerous female. The prevalence of Ornithocheyletia hallae Volgin was 23.7 percent (n = 37) with 120 individuals, with mean intensity of 3.2 ± 4.47, and mean abundance of 0.8 ± 2.56. In 28.4 percent (n = 21) of flies occurred simultaneous mite infestations, mainly for M.anchora and O.hallae, present in 66.7 percent (n = 14) of flies with mixed effect. The component communities showed an aggregate distribution. The mite species O.hallae was more agregate, while M.anchora and M.lophortyx showed the same K value.