The form, the permit and the photograph: an archive of mobility between South Africa and India.

Inspired by recent scholarship that calls for a more critical engagement with archives and knowledge production, this article plots the biography of an archive in Cape Town. Unravelling the layers of paperwork, it locates the origins of the archive in a repressive state project of excluding Indian immigrants and controlling those within the borders of the Cape Colony. The paper trail reveals documents of identity and the state's attempts to verify identity. In seeking to answer the question as to how the historian should approach such an archive of control and surveillance, it concludes that a social history and gendered approach to migration is possible and the real treasures are those documents that enter the archive beyond the limits of state intentions.

The doctor's casebook--a process of discovery.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A bound manuscript describing the medical cases seen by a mid-eighteenth century Scottish doctor was discovered in the possession of the first author's family. The identity of the doctor is not revealed in the book. The aims were to identify the doctor and understand the significance of this book in the context of Scottish medical history of that period. METHODS: The process of investigation involved transcribing the book in order to undertake detailed study of the text, with particular focus on style of writing, location, and the names of patients and doctors mentioned. This information was then used in searches of the Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, London and the Department of Special Libraries and Archives of the University of Aberdeen as well as searches of the internet. RESULTS: The author was discovered to be a doctor working in Aberdeenshire in the middle of the eighteenth century. His style of writing suggests an educational purpose, with a particular interest in midwifery, and evidence of teaching midwifery techniques to students. He associated with other prominent local doctors of the time and was aware of the current thinking being put forward by his contemporaries. He had a particular association with Dr John Gregory, with whom he not only worked, but whose extended family he also treated. CONCLUSIONS: The author of this casebook was identified as Dr David Skene, and this adds to our knowledge of this important figure of the Scottish Enlightenment who had a particular interest in midwifery and campaigned for the proper instruction of midwives.

Osler's service: a view of the charts.

It has been asserted that William Osler (1849-1919) shaped the Medical Clinic of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 'to become a pre-eminent facility, first in patient care and later in medical education'. Osler's impact on medical education in the United States is beyond dispute, but few, if any, data support the assertion that patients at the Johns Hopkins Hospital fared better than those at similar hospitals during the late 19th century. Patient records were scanty and were seldom, if ever, signed by Osler or other senior professors. The numerous publications that arose from Osler's service suggest the data were derived not from the hospital charts, but rather from a parallel system of data collection designed mainly for research. Issues raised by this review of the charts on Osler's service reverberate in American medicine.

' to whom it will be extremly Usefull.' Dr William Cullen's adoption of James Watt's copying machine.

Dr William Cullen (1710-1790) was a leading physician of the Enlightenment era. As professor in Edinburgh he became the most influential teacher of theoretical and practical medicine in 18th century Britain. A renowned private practitioner, Cullen systematically archived his postal 'consultations', now held by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Initially Cullen preserved his replies as transcriptions, but from April 1781 he began using a mechanical copier, newly devised by the Scottish engineer James Watt. This paper describes the development, promotion and functioning of Watt's copier and considers Cullen's own adoption of the machine. It is suggested that with Cullen's adoption of Watt's copier, medical record keeping entered a new historical phase comparable with the recent digital revolution.

Specimens as records: scientific practice and recordkeeping in natural history research.

For the past two decades, scholars in archival science have begun to question traditional assumptions about the nature of the record. Drawing on theories from fields such as sociology, organization theory, and science studies, and on their own ethnographic studies, they propose more inclusive definitions and widening the contexts of analysis of record making and recordkeeping. This paper continues this critical consideration of the concept of record by examining the nature of nonprototypical records in the scientific world. The paper focuses on the system of specimens and field notes established by biologist Joseph Grinnell at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (University of California, Berkeley) as a means of examining several aspects of the nature of the scientific record: materiality, representation, and the triad evidence/memory/accountability. Focusing on the creation and management of these scientific records, the paper argues that further analyses of scientific record making and recordkeeping are bound to benefit both scientific work, which depends more and more on databases and archives, as well as archival science, which is becoming more relevant beyond its traditional realm of the legal/business/administrative world.

Pacientes «penales» en instituciones psiquiátricas: cien años del Manicomio Nacional de Leganés (1852-1952) / «Penal» patients in psychiatric institutions: a hundred years of the National Asylum of Leganés (1852-1952)

A pesar de que, desde el siglo XVIII, surgieron en Europa las críticas y los debates sobre la convivencia de enfermos mentales y delincuentes sanos, a lo largo del siglo XIX no se crearon instituciones específicas en España. En el Manicomio Nacional de Leganés ingresaron pacientes dementes procesados desde su inauguración en 1852, la mayoría de ellos, tras la publicación del Real Decreto de 15 de mayo de 1885. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la población «penada o procesada» hospitalizada en esta institución de carácter estatal, durante los primeros cien años del establecimiento. Se han revisado las historias clínicas de todos los sujetos con causas penales ingresados entre 1852 y 1952, realizando un análisis de variables sociodemográficas y clínico-terapéuticas con el paquete estadístico SPSS v21, además de estudiar cuestiones de carácter administrativo-judicial. Se observa que durante el primer siglo de existencia del Manicomio fueron internados poco más de un centenar de enfermos con causas pendientes (3,6% del total de pacientes), casi la mitad entre 1886 y 1896, generando problemas organizativos y económicos en el hospital (AU)

No disponible

On the design of anaesthesia record forms.

The purpose of this report is to develop a rational approach to the design of anaesthesia record forms. The history of anaesthesia record forms was reviewed. A logical approach to the design of an anaesthesia record was developed. The theoretical ideal anaesthetic record was contemplated and criteria were developed for the selection of items to be included in or excluded from the record. Principles were outlined which lead to logical organization of information on the form, improved ergonomics of data entry, and ready access to entered information. A desktop publishing system was used to execute quickly numerous form artwork revision cycles and iteratively converge on a complete design. This approach has resulted in the development and production of a new anaesthesia record for our institution. The record was well accepted by our colleagues. The rationale that has been developed is presented in the hope that it will be useful to others in the process of designing anaesthesia records for their institutions.

Evolución histórica y logros de la gerencia sectorial de registro y control del Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel / Historical evolution and achievements of the management sector of registration and control of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel

Reseñar la historia de la Gerencia Sectorial de Registro y Control, es hablar de la evolución del registro y control de Productos de uso y consumo humano en el país y recordar principalmente, las actividades de la División de Control y sus unidades adscritas, dedicadas a evaluar la calidad de los medicamentos, alimentos y cosméticos que se comercializaban en el país. Para llevar a cabo esta actividad, la División de Control contaba con Departamentos de Química, Microbiología y Farmacología, que posteriormente fueron especializándose por tipo de producto, hasta dar origen a la División de Control de Alimentos, División de Control de Medicamentos y Cosméticos y División de Control Nacional de Productos Biológicos, adscritas a la Gerencia Sectorial de Registro y Control desde 1993. Hoy en día, esta Gerencia es parte fundamental del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria y efectúa más de ochenta mil análisis anuales, para asegurar la calidad de los productos de uso y consumo humano que se comercializan en el país. Además, lleva a cabo un proceso de automatización y simplificación de procesos, a fin de optimizar el servicio prestado, con tecnología de vanguardia.

To outline the history of the Management of Control and Registry is to talk about the evolution of registration and control of products for use and human consumption in the country, and to remember mainly, the activities of the control´s Division and its attached units, dedicated to assessing the quality of medicines, foods and cosmetics that are marketed in the country. To carry out this activity, the Division of Control had differents departments: chemistry, microbiology and pharmacology, which were subsequently specializing in type of products, to give rise to the Food Control Division, Drugs and Cosmetic Control Division and National Biological Products Control Division, attached to the Management of Control and Registrar´s Office since 1993. Today, this management is a fundamental part of the National System of health monitoring and carry out more than 80,000 analysis annually, to ensure product quality of use and human consumption that are marketed in the country. In addition, is being carried out, a process of automation and simplifying processes in order to optimize the service, with forefront technology.

La calidad de los medicamentos fabricados industrialmente en España entre 1850 y 1950. Revisión de los requerimientos de calidad establecidos para los medicamentos en la legislación oficial durante este período / No disponible

Objetivo: Estudiar la evolución de los requerimientos de calidad establecidos en los expedientes de solicitud de autorización de los medicamentos fabricados industrialmente desde 1850 a 1950 y su relación con la calidad de los mismos, teniendo en cuenta la influencia del contexto político-social. Material y métodos: Análisis de la legislación publicada en España referente al Registro Farmacéutico desde 1850 hasta 1950, comparando las referencias a la calidad de cada documento con las de la legislación inmediatamente anterior destacando lo que representa un avance. Consulta de revistas y documentos no publicados. Discusión de la evolución de la calidad de los medicamentos relacionándola con el contexto político-social del país. Resultados y conclusiones: Hasta 1855 no se podía hablar de medicamentos sino de remedios secretos. La Ley de 28 de Noviembre de 1855 estableció la obligación de declarar los remedios a la Autoridad Sanitaria. Posteriormente el Real Decreto de 1919 estableció el Registro Farmacéutico y la asignación del nº de registro. El Real Decreto de 1924 lo actualizaba sin avanzar en la calidad. Siguió un estancamiento tanto en normativa como en calidad, debido a la guerra civil y al bloqueo internacional. La Ley de Bases de 1944 anunciaba una reforma que aún tardó en producirse. En resumen período largo y cambiante con bastantes avances en organización y pocos en exigencias de calidad. Los expedientes de registro son un elemento de referencia fundamental para conocer la calidad de un medicamento en un momento determinado(AU)

Objectives: The aim is to study the evolution of quality requirements in the application file for approval of drug products and their relationship with the quality of industrially manufactured drugs between 1850 and 1950, taking into account the influence of political and social context. Materials and methods: Analysis of the legislation published in Spain referring to pharmaceutical registration from 1850 to 1950, comparing the quality benchmarks to highlight the improvement. Search of information in journals and unpublished documents. Discussion on quality progress related to the socio-political context of the country. Results and conclusions: Until 1855 drugs did not exist as such, there were only secret remedies. The Law of November 28, 1855 established the obligation to declare the remedies to the Health Authority. Since then there was an evolution until the Royal Decree of 1919 established the official register of medicines and assigned a registration number to each medicine. The Royal Decree of 1924 updated the 1919 Decree but no advance was done referring to quality. Then a period of stagnation followed in both the rules of registration and the quality due to the civil war and the international blockade. A Law Reform was announced in 1944 but it took a long time to be done. Summarizing: It was a long period, with advances in organization and little progress in quality requirements in the pharmaceutical registration. When quality requirements increased, drug quality also did. Application files for registration are an essential reference to know the quality at some time(AU)

La rabia según un manuscrito de la Real Academia de Medicina y Cirugía de Cádiz / Rabies according to manuscript of the Royal Academy of Medicine and Surgery of Cadiz

La Real Academia de Medicina y Cirugía de Cádiz tiene su origen en la Sociedad Médica de Cádiz. El 30 de Septiembre de 1815 fue aprobado el Reglamento, sus Socios Fundadores fueron unos profesores del Real Colegio de Cirugía de la Armada. La fuente de la comunicación es una memoria manuscrita donde se hace una revisión literaria sobre una observación de un enfermo de hidrofobia realizada por el cirujano titular que lo atendió. Atendiendo a las “Observaciones” del Real Colegio de Cirugía, de la Armada de Cádiz, por la relación de sus profesores con la Real Academia de Medicina y Cirugía de Cádiz. Durante la Ilustración, una de las formas de enseñanza clínica consistía en la “Observaciones”, sistema de enseñanza practicado en Europa en los grandes centros de educación médica y quirúrgica para la formación de cirujanos. El objetivo de la comunicación es el estudio de una disertación histórica sobre la rabia. Su autor fue el académico Vicente Timoner. Fue firmada en Cádiz aunque el caso trataba de un enfermo de la villa deTorrox. El autor hace una exposición sobre la rabia tomando como base una observación realizada sobre un enfermo tratado por él cuando ocupaba el cargo de cirujano titular de la villa de Torrox. En esta observación se expone los signos y síntomas del enfermo así como el tratamiento administrado y régimen seguido. Los medicamentos que se aplicaron estaban a la altura científica de España y del extranjero. Puede considerarse un antecedente de la historia clínica actual(AU)

The Royal Academy of Medicine and Surgery of Cadiz has its origin in the Medical Society of Cadiz. On September 30, 1815 was approved the Regulation, its founders were some teachers of the Royal College of Surgeons of the Navy. The source of the communication is a handwritten memory where an observation on a literature review of a rabies patient by the surgeon who treated holder. In response to the "Remarks" of the Royal College of Surgery, Navy Cádiz, by the ratio of teachers to the Royal Academy of Medicine and Surgery of Cadiz. During the Enlightenment, one of the forms of clinical teaching was in the"Remarks" education system practiced in Europe in the great centers of medical education and surgical training of surgeons. The goal of communication is the study of a historical dissertation on rabies. Its author was the academic Timoner Vicente. It was signed in Cadiz while the case was a patient of the village of Torrox.The author makes a statement on rabies on the basis of an observation made on a patient treated by him when she served as head surgeon of the village of Torrox. This observation explains the signs and symptoms of the patient and the treatment regime administered and followed. The drugs were applied to the scientific level in Spain and abroad. Can be considered a forerunner of the current medical history(AU)