Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 BCE in Eurasia.

Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious2-4. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 BCE, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 BCE and earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 BCE, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.

La invención de los animales: una historia de la veterinaria mexicana, siglo XIX / The invention of animals: a history of Mexican veterinary medicine in the nineteenth century

Resumen El artículo reflexiona en torno a un fenómeno que he denominado “la invención de los animales”, es decir, la manera en la que la medicina veterinaria y el ejercicio de la fisiología, la microbiología y la zootecnia produjeron un modo nuevo y distinto de pensar, estudiar, entender, normar, legislar, comercializar, explotar y vivir “lo animal”. Particularmente, el texto se focaliza en el proceso de este fenómeno en el México del siglo XIX, ya que a lo largo de este período el impacto de estas disciplinas sobre el cuerpo de los animales produjo cambios significativos en el campo de la medicina humana, la salud pública y la producción agropecuaria.

Abstract This article analyzes a phenomenon I call “the invention of animals,” that is, the way in which veterinary medicine and the practices of physiology, microbiology and zootechnics produced new and different ways of thinking about, studying, understanding, regulating, legislating, commercializing, exploiting and experiencing “the animal.” In particular, the text focuses on the evolution of this phenomenon in Mexico during the nineteenth century, since during this period the impact of these disciplines on animal bodies led to significant changes in the fields of human medicine, public health, and livestock production.