Efecto de la suplementación del zinc sobre el peso fetal en ratas diabéticas gestadas / Effect of zinc supplementation on fetal weight in pregnant diabetic rats

RESUMEN Introducción: La relación entre la deficiencia de Zn y la elevada incidencia de alteraciones en el crecimiento intrauterino en la diabetes materna aún no se ha dilucidado. En la literatura consultada no existen reportes del efecto de la suplementación con el micronutriente sobre el crecimiento fetal en modelos de diabetes con hiperglucemias moderadas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto sobre el peso fetal de la suplementación con zinc a ratas con diabetes moderada durante la gestación. Métodos: Se utilizó un modelo de diabetes moderada inducida en ratas Wistar al segundo día de nacidas por inducción subcutánea con estreptozotocina (100mg/kg-pc). En la adultez las ratas sanas y diabéticas fueron apareadas con machos sanos. Según correspondiera recibieron durante 20 días de gestación un suplemento de sulfato de zinc (50mg/kg). Se estudiaron 395 fetos de cuatro grupos: fetos de ratas sanas sin suplemento, de ratas sanas suplementadas, de ratas diabéticas sin suplemento y de ratas diabéticas suplementadas. Los fetos se clasificaron en pequeños (PEG), adecuados (AEG) y grandes (GEG) para la edad gestacional. Resultados: La descendencia de las ratas diabéticas suplementadas mostró valores del peso fetal similares a ambos grupos sanos al término de la gestación, presentando menor porcentaje de fetos PEG y GEG, así como mayor porcentaje de AEG respecto al grupo diabético no suplementado. Conclusiones: La suplementación con Zn durante la gestación a ratas diabéticas con hiperglucemias moderadas causó efectos positivos sobre su descendencia al aumentar el porcentaje de fetos con peso adecuado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the relationship between Zn deficiency and the high incidence of abnormal intrauterine growth in maternal diabetes has not yet been elucidated. There are no reports in the consulted literature of the effect of micronutrient supplementation on fetal growth in models of diabetes with moderate hyperglycemia. Objective: to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on fetal weight in rats with moderate diabetes during pregnancy. Methods: a model of mild diabetes was used in Wistar rats on the second day of birth by subcutaneous streptozotocin induction (100mg/kg-bw). As adults, healthy and diabetic rats were mated with healthy males. As appropriate, they received a zinc sulfate supplement (50mg/kg) during 20 days of gestation. A number of 395 fetuses from four groups were studied: fetuses from healthy rats without supplementation, from healthy rats supplemented, from diabetic rats without supplementation and from diabetic rats supplemented. Fetuses were classified as small (SGA), adequate (AGA), and large (LGA) for gestational age. Results: the offspring of the supplemented diabetic rats showed similar fetal weight values to both healthy groups at the end of pregnancy, having a lower percentage of SGA and LGA fetuses, as well as a higher percentage of AGA compared to the non-supplemented diabetic group. Conclusions: Zn supplementation during pregnancy in diabetic rats with moderate hyperglycemia had positive effects on their offspring by increasing the percentage of fetuses with adequate weight.

Zinc sérico en escolares / Serum Zinc in school children

Introducción: La primera infancia es una etapa fundamental en el desarrollo y crecimiento del ser humano, época donde el cerebro se desarrolla a la máxima velocidad. La alimentación, uno de los principales condicionantes del desarrollo y las deficiencias de micronutrientes, entre otros, son responsables de daños funcionales. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración de zinc sérico en escolares y comparar resultados con estudios en la misma población de países latinos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo y comparativo en 116 niños escolares entre 7 a 12 años de edad, de la escuela básica primaria, del Municipio Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se realizó evaluación antropométrica, clínica y bioquímica. Resultados: Mayor frecuencia de niñas (52,6 por ciento) edad promedio de 8 años y 9 meses y de 8 años y 5 meses para los niños; peso promedio de 25,21 kg y talla de 124,49 cm para las niñas, y peso promedio 25,07 kg y talla de 125,75 cm para los niños. Se encontró una concentración promedio de zinc en los niños de 0,49 µg/mL, y en las niñas de 0,50 µg/mL. La mayoría de los resultados de cuatro países latinos revelaron que el promedio de zinc sérico estuvo entre 0,32 y 95,2 µg/dL. Conclusión: Los niños mostraron concentraciones de zinc séricos por debajo de los valores promedios establecidos. Es necesario implementar estrategias alimentarias para mejorar el estado nutricional del zinc en las poblaciones pediátricas en países de Latinoamérica(AU)

Introduction: Early childhood is a crucial stage in the growth and development of the human being; it is the time where the brain develops at maximum speed. Feeding, one of the main determining factors of development and micronutrient deficiencies, among others, are responsible for functional damage. Objective: To determine the concentration of serum zinc in school children and to compare results with studies in the same population of different Latin American countries. Methods: Prospective descriptive and comparative study in 116 school children between 7 to 12 years old of the Basic Primary school in Maracaibo Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. Anthropometric clinical and biochemical assessment was performed. Results: Higher frequency in girls (52.6 percent) of average age 8 years and 9 months, and 8 years and 5 months for boys; average weight of 25.21 kg and height of 124.49 cm for girls, and average weight of 25.07 kg and height of 125.75 cm for boys. It was found an average concentration of zinc of 0.49 µg/mL in boys, and of 0.50 µg/mL in girls. Most of the results of four Latin American countries revealed that the average serum zinc was between 0.32 and 95.2 µg/dL. Conclusion: Children showed serum zinc concentrations below the mean values set. It is necessary to implement food strategies to improve the nutritional status of zinc in pediatric populations of Latin American countries(AU)

Deficiencia de cinc en mujeres en edad reproductiva, La Habana, Cuba / Zinc deficiency in childbearing-aged women, Havana, Cuba

Introducción: La deficiencia de cinc se considera un problema de salud global. Existe escasa información sobre el estado nutricional del cinc en mujeres cubanas en edad reproductiva. Objetivo: Identificar deficiencia de cinc y cobre sérico en mujeres en edad reproductiva, según factores relacionados, como la anemia, inflamación, exceso de peso y adiposidad abdominal. Métodos: Se estudiaron 104 mujeres de 18 a 40 años de edad, de La Habana, aparentemente sanas. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo. Se realizó la determinación de cinc, cobre, hemoglobina, ferritina, proteína C reactiva, alfa 1 glicoproteína, peso, talla y circunferencia mínima de la cintura, se calculó el índice de masa corporal. Se utilizaron puntos de corte internacionales para la evaluación. Resultados: La prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro, estimada por ferritina sérica, cinc y cobre sérico fueron 66,3 por ciento (67/102), 36,2 por ciento (34/94) y 19,1 por ciento (18/94), respectivamente. De las mujeres 23,5 por ciento (24/102) tenían anemia e inflamación 8,8 por ciento (9/102) y 13 por ciento (13/102) estimada por CRP y AGP. Predominaron mujeres con exceso de peso 52,9 por ciento (54/102) y adiposidad abdominal 61,8 por ciento (60/97). Conclusiones: El riesgo de deficiencia de cinc en la muestra es elevado, la prevalencia del Zn sérico disminuido supera el 20 por ciento. No existe criterio para evaluar el riesgo de deficiencia de cobre como problema de salud pública. Las deficiencias de cinc y cobre no parecen estar asociadas a la anemia, la inflamación y el estado nutricional general. Se requiere realizar pesquisas adicionales para identificar la magnitud de las deficiencias de cinc y cobre y sus posibles causas(AU)

Introduction: Zinc deficiency is considered a global health problem. There is scarce information on zinc's nutritional state in Cuban childbearing-aged women. Objective: Identify zinc and serum copper deficiency in childbearing-aged women, based on related factors, such as anemia, inflammation, excess weight and abdominal adiposity. Methods: 104 seemingly healthy women from Havana, aged 18 to 40 were studied. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. The determination of zinc, copper, hemoglobin, ferritin, C-reactive protein, alpha 1 glycoprotein, weight, size and minimum waist circumference was made, and the body mass index was calculated. International breakpoints were used for evaluation. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency, estimated by serum ferritin, zinc and serum copper was 66.3 percent (67/101), 36.2 percent (34/94) and 19.1 percent (18/94), respectively. Of women, 23.5 percent (24/102) had anemia, and 8.8 percent had inflammation (9/102) and 13 percent (13/100) estimated by CRP and AGP. Women with overweight 52.9 percent (54/102) and abdominal adiposity 61.8% (60/97) predominated. Conclusions: The risk of zinc deficiency in the sample is high, the prevalence of decreased serum Zn exceeds 20 percent. There is no criterion for assessing the risk of copper deficiency as a public health problem. Zinc and copper deficiencies do not appear to be associated with anemia, inflammation and overall nutritional status. Additional tests are required to identify the magnitude of zinc and copper deficiencies and their possible causes(AU)

Vitamin E deficiency and associated factors among Brazilian school children / Deficiência de vitamina E e fatores associados entre crianças escolares brasileiras

ABSTRACT: Objective: Brazilian national data show a significant deficiency in pediatric vitamin E consumption, but there are very few studies evaluating laboratory-proven nutritional deficiency. The present study aimed to settle the prevalence of vitamin E deficiency (VED) and factors associated among school-aged children attended at a primary health unit in Ribeirão Preto (SP). Methods: A cross-sectional study that included 94 children between 6 and 11 years old. All sub-jects were submitted to vitamin E status analysis. To investigate the presence of factors associated with VED, socio-economic and anthropometric evaluation, determination of serum hemoglobin and zinc levels, and parasitological stool exam were performed. The associations were performed using Fisher's exact test. Results: VED (α-tocopherol concentrations <7 µmol/L) was observed in seven subjects (7.4%). None of them had zinc deficiency. Of the total of children, three (3.2%) were malnourished, 12 (12.7%) were anemic, and 11 (13.5%) presented some pathogenic intestinal parasite. These possible risk factors, in addition to maternal-work, maternal educational level, and monthly income, were not associated with VED. Conclusions: The prevalence of VED among school-aged children attended at a primary health unit was low. Zinc deficiency, malnutrition, anemia, pathogenic intestinal parasite, maternal-work, maternal educational level, and monthly income were not a risk factor for VED. (AU)

RESUMO: Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da deficiência de vitamina E (DVE) e os fatores associados a essa deficiência em escolares atendidos em uma unidade básica de saúde de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Métodos: Estudo transversal que incluiu 94 crianças entre 6 e 11 anos de idade, atendidas em uma unidade básica de saúde. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à análise do status de vitamina E. Para investigar a presença de fatores associados à DVE, foi realizada avaliação socio-econômica e antropométrica, determinação dos níveis séricos de hemoglobina e zinco, e exame parasitológico de fezes. As associações foram realizadas por meio do teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: A DVE (concentrações de α-tocoferol <7 µmol/l) foi observada em sete indivíduos (7,4%). Nenhum sujeito apresentou deficiência sérica de zinco. Do total de crianças, três (3,2%) eram desnutridas, 12 (12,7%) anêmicas e 11 (13,5%) apresentavam algum parasita intestinal patogênico. Estes possíveis fatores de risco, além do trabalho materno, escolaridade materna e renda mensal, não foram associados à DVE (p>0,05). Conclusão: A prevalência de DVE em escolares atendidos em uma unidade básica de saúde foi baixa. Desnutrição, anemia, parasitose intestinal, renda mensal e trabalho e nível educacional maternos não se apre-sentaram como fatores de risco para a DVE. (AU)

Prevalencia de ingesta inadecuada de micronutrientes en la población urbana de Costa Rica / Micronutrients inadequacy in urban population of Costa Rica

La inadecuación de micronutrientes es frecuente en los países en vías de desarrollo. En Costa Rica existe poca información acerca de la ingesta de micronutrientes y del impacto de los programas de fortificación obligatoria de alimentos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de vitaminas y minerales y el aporte de la fortificación de alimentos a la ingesta total de micronutrientes en la población urbana costarricense. Se analizó el consumo de alimentos en una muestra de la población urbana costarricense, participantes del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS). El riesgo de ingesta inadecuada se estimó según sexo y grupo de edad, utilizando el método de punto de corte del Requerimiento Medio Estimado (EAR). Para el hierro, se utilizó el método de aproximación probabilística. Más del 85% de la muestra presentó riesgo de ingesta inadecuada para vitamina E, calcio y vitamina D. Una menor prevalencia de riesgo de ingesta inadecuada se presentó para la niacina, tiamina, folatos, hierro y selenio. La fortificación de alimentos tiene un efecto notorio en la ingesta de micronutrientes, especialmente de hierro, niacina, tiamina y folatos. La ingesta de calcio, vitamina D y vitamina E es preocupantemente inadecuada, siendo las mujeres y las personas mayores de 50 años los grupos más afectados. Resulta fundamental el establecimiento de programas y políticas públicas para asegurar el cumplimiento del requerimiento establecido para los diferentes micronutrientes(AU)

Micronutrient deficiencies are still very common in developing countries. In Costa Rica there is little information on micronutrients intake and the impact of food fortification.This study aimed to determine the contribution of food fortification to the total intake, and to estimate the risk of inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals in an urban Costa Rican population. As a part of the Latin American Nutrition and Health Study, we analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 798 urban residents from Costa Rica (15-65 years old) whom provided two 24-h dietary recalls. The prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was estimated according to the EAR cut-point method. Iron was analyze using the probability approach. We observed a 100% of the sample are at risk of inadequate intake of vitamin D, and similar percentages were obtained for calcium and vitamin E, ranging from 92.9 to 100% and 85.5 to 99.2% respectively. A lower risk of inadequate intake was observed for niacin, thiamin, folate, iron and selenium. Food fortificationmakes an important contribution to folate, thiamin, iron and niacin intake. Despite the efforts that have been made to ensure adequate micronutrient intake in Costa Rica, the intake of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin E is still very low, especially among women and people over 50 are the most affected. Based on the above, it is recommended to promote a healthy diet through nutritional education as part of public health policies, in order to facilitates compliance to nutritional requirement(AU)

Comparison study between colorimetric method and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry in serum zinc status / Estudio comparativo entre la espectrofotometría de absorción atómica de llama y el método colorimétrico en el estado del zinc sérico

Background: There is no study that examined the association between nutrients patterns and obesity in adolescents. Goal: The aim of the present study was to identify the major nutrient patterns in adolescents and to assess their relationship with obesity. Methods: This is a nationwide cross-sectional study. Usual dietary intakes were collected using validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). FFQ was used to evaluate nutrient patterns by factor analysis. Data on anthropometric measures were collected through standard protocols. Results: Dietary data were analyzed in 4288 subjects aged 11.43±3.23 years. Three major nutrient patterns were identified. Subjects in the fourth quartile of the first nutrient pattern tended to have higher weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference than those in the first quartile. Individuals in the fourth quartile of the second nutrient pattern had significantly lower means of weight, WC and hip circumference than those in the first quartile. The third nutrient pattern was not associated with any changes in BMI and wrist circumference in boys as well as in BMI, waist circumference and wrist circumference among girls. Conclusion: findings indicated that second nutrient pattern which mostly characterized by high consumption in mono-unsaturated fatty acid, poly-unsaturated fatty acid, potassium, calcium, vitamin E, biotin and vitamin K was associated with lower risk of obesity, while first pattern of nutrient intake with high amounts of carbohydrate, thiamin, iron and manganese was associated with greater risk of obesity

Introducción: el zinc es un oligoelemento esencial para la vida de los humanos y su deficiencia afecta al crecimiento y al desarrollo humano. La concentración de zinc en suero (SZnC) proporciona información útil en la categorización clínica de la deficiencia y en estados de toxicidad. Objetivos: Este artículo presenta un estudio comparativo de La Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica de Llama (FASS) y El Método colorimétrico en el análisis de SZnC e hipozincemia. Métodos: las concentraciones séricas de zinc de 93 pacientes (1 a 31 años) con enfermedades crónicas se utilizaron para el análisis. Análisis estadístico: para SZnC fueron valorados el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, El análisis de regresión lineal simple, el método Bland & Altman (B & A) y el coeficiente de correlación de concordancia (CCC); y para la hipozincemia, las diferencias fueron estudiadas empleando el índice Kappa de Cohen. Resultados: los principales resultados indican que la medición del SZnC por ambos métodos no presentaron diferencias significativas (p = 0.328) ni relación lineal (R = 0.18, p = 0.077). Además, el porcentaje de casos de hipozincemia por el el método colorimétrico fue casi el doble (13%) que el FASS (8%). Solo hubo un caso coincidente en ambos métodos a <70 μg / dl. Discusión: el método colorimétrico en hipozincemia pronostica valores mayores que FASS. Esta baja concordancia entre ambos métodos fue corroborado con un coeficiente de correlación de concordancia (CCC) bajo de 0.17. Además, el índice Kappa de Cohen (-0.013) mostró una concordancia baja entre ambos métodos también. En otros estudios la variabilidad de SZnC mediante el método colorimétrico es mayor que con FASS. Conclusión: En resumen, a pesar de ello, la media de las concentraciones séricas de zinc por ambos métodos son similares, aunque el diagnóstico de casos con hipozincemia no lo es. El grado de similitud entre los métodos es bajo, con una baja fuerza de concordancia en el diagnóstico de hipozincemia. Por lo tanto, recomendamos el uso de FASS para evaluar El estado de zinc y el diagnóstico de hipozincemia, en lugar del método colorimétrico

Avaliação do status de zinco considerando diferentes combinações de componentes na síndrome metabólica / Zinc status assessment considering different combinations of components in metabolic syndrome

Introdução: Fatores cardiometabólicos característicos da síndrome metabólica (SM) influenciam no metabolismo do zinco, de forma isolada ou conjuntamente. Objetivo: Comparar as concentrações de zinco no plasma e na dieta entre os três de grupos de indivíduos com SM, distribuídos conforme número de componentes da SM. Métodos: Estudo transversal incluindo 88 indivíduos com SM, diagnosticados segundo NCEP-ATP III. Definiu-se os grupos, considerando três (n=36), quatro (n=40) e cinco componentes da SM (n=12). O zinco da dieta foi avaliado por dois recordatórios de 24h. Verificou-se a pressão arterial, perímetro da cintura e glicemia de jejum, colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade e triglicerídeos. O zinco no plasma foi avaliado por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. As comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas por meio do teste ANOVA, seguido do teste Tukey. Resultados e discussão: A idade média foi de 50(11) anos, predominando o sexo feminino (72%). Observou-se no grupo com três componentes, dez diferentes fenótipos, destacando- se a combinação: hipertensão arterial ou pressão arterial elevada, diabetes mellitus ou glicemia de jejum elevada e perímetro da cintura aumentado (11,4%). Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas do zinco no plasma entre os grupos com três, quatro e cinco componentes, apresentando médias de 92,62(18,26) μg/dL; 86,24(17,88) μg/dL; 86,94(17,12) μg/dL, respectivamente (p>0,05). Constataramse percentuais de inadequação de ingestão de zinco de 75%, 73,6% e 66,6% nos grupos com três, quatro e cinco componentes, respectivamente. Conclusão: Indivíduos com SM, independentemente do número de componentes, apresentam médias de zinco no plasma dentro da normalidade e baixa ingestão de zinco na dieta

Introduction: Cardiometabolic risk factors characteristic of the metabolic syndrome (MS) influence zinc metabolism, either alone or in combination. Objective: This study aims to compare plasma zinc and zinc intake among the three groups of individuals with MS, distributed according to the number of components of SM. Methods: Cross-sectional study including 88 individuals with MS, diagnosed according to NCEP-ATP III. The groups were defined, considering three (n = 36), four (n = 40) and five components of MS (n = 12). Zinc intake was evaluated by two 24-hour recall. Blood pressure, waist circumference and fasting glycemia, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were measured. Analysis of plasma zinc was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We used ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test, for comparisons between the groups. Results and discussion: The mean age was 5011 years, predominantly female (72%). We found ten different phenotypes based on the three components of MS, with emphasis on the phenotype: arterial hypertension or high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus or fasting blood glucose and increased waist circumference (11.4%). There were no significant differences in plasma zinc between the groups with three, four and five components, presenting a mean of 92.62 (18.26) μg / dL; 86.24 (17.88) μg / dL; 86.94 (17.12) μg / dL, respectively (p> 0.05). The percentages of zinc intake inadequacy were 75%, 73.6% and 66.6% in the groups with three, four and five components, respectively. Conclusion: Individuals with MS, regardless of the number of components, present mean plasma zinc within normal range and low dietary zinc intake

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Determinación de los niveles de zinc urinarios en gestantes de bajo nivel socioeconómico del municipio de Baranoa del departamento del Atlántico / Determination of levels of urinary zinc in pregnant women of low socioeconomic level of the municipality of Baranoa of the Department of Atlantic

Introducción: El zinc es uno de los micronutrientes esenciales en el organismo por intervenir en numerosos procesos biológicos como el crecimiento y desarrollo, siendo de especial importancia durante el periodo de gestación. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de zinc urinario en gestantes del municipio de Baranoa del (Atlántico) por el método colorimétrico utilizando zincon (MCZ) y el método de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (MEAA) y comparar los niveles de zinc urinario por el método de MCZ y MEAA. Métodos: Se estudiaron 54 gestantes entre 24 y 30 años de edad, las cuales fueron atendidas en el Hospital José Gómez Heredia del municipio de Baranoa (Atlántico), entre los meses de enero a agosto del año 2008 cuando se encontraban en las semanas 8-15, 20-25 y 32-36 de la gestación. Las gestantes llenaron una encuesta acerca de datos generales que incluye edad e historia patológica y entregaron muestras de orina durante los tres trimestres de gestación. Las muestras fueron colectadas en ayuna de 12 horas y conservadas a -20°C. Luego se determinó el zinc urinario por el MEAA y MCZ. Resultados: Los niveles totales de zinc urinario fueron de 16.2±7 μg/dL por MCZ y 25±16 μg/dL por MEAA, se encontró que el zinc urinario fue de 17.81±5.20 μg/dL, 16±6.50 μg/dL y 14.30±9.05 μg/dL, para el primero, segundo y tercer trimestre de gestación por MCZ y 27.2 ± 16.8μg/dL, 19.8 ± 14.9b μg/dL, 27.3 ± 14.5a μg/dL, para el primero, segundo y tercer trimestre de gestación por MEAA. Los niveles de Zn determinados por MCZ y MEAA presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p≤0.05), indicando que el MEAA detecta mejor la excreción de Zn. Pero el MCZ propuesto se puede utilizar para estudios a largo plazo. Conclusiones: El comportamiento del zinc urinario en la gestación mostró variaciones, hallando las concentraciones de zinc urinario más bajo en el segundo y tercer trimestre de la gestación

Introduction: Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients in the organism for intervening in numerous biological processes such as growth and development, being of special importance during the gestation period. Objective: To determine the levels of urinary zinc in pregnant women of the municipality of Baranoa del (Atlántico) by the colorimetric method using zincon (MCZ) and the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (MEAA) and to compare the levels of urinary zinc by the MCZ method and MEAA. Methods: Fifty-four pregnant women between 24 and 30 years of age were studied, who were treated at the José Gómez Heredia Hospital in the municipality of Baranoa (Atlántico), between the months of January and August 2008 when they were found in weeks 8- 15, 20-25 and 32-36 of gestation. Participants completed a survey on general data including age and pathological history and delivery of urine samples during the three trimesters of pregnancy. Samples were collected in a 12-hour fast and stored at -20°C. Urinary zinc was then determined by the MEAA and MCZ. Results: The total urinary zinc levels were 16.2 ± 7 μg / dL per MCZ and 25 ± 16 μg / dL per MEAA, the urinary zinc was found to be 17.81 ± 5.20 μg / dL, 16 ± 6.50 μg / dL and 14.30 ± 9.05 μg / dL, for the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy by MCZ and 27.2 ± 16.8μg / dL, 19.8 ± 14.9b μg / dL, 27.3 ± 14.5a μg / dL, for the first, second and third trimesters of gestation by MEAA. Zn levels determined by MCZ and MEAA showed statistically significant differences (p≤0.05), indicating that MEAA better detects Zn excretion. But the proposed MCZ can be used for long-term studies. Conclusions: The behavior of urinary zinc in pregnancy showed variations, finding the concentrations of urinary zinc lower in the second and third trimesters of gestation

Dietary intake and zinc status in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients / Ingesta dietética y estado de zinc en pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica

Background: There is considerable evidence that abnormal zinc homeostasis is related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis, and malnutrition is an independent prognostic factor for worsened survival of ALS patients. Objective: To evaluate the dietary intake and zinc status in patients with ALS, treated in a specialized outpatient facility in Natal, Brazil. Methods: Twenty patients with ALS (case group) and 37 healthy subjects (control group) were included. Clinical and anthropometric assessments were carried out and dietary intake was obtained from two 24-hour recalls. Plasma and urinary zinc concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: Most of the participants were eutrophic. Mean energy, protein, carbohydrate and fat intake was significantly lower for the case group. There was greater prevalence of inadequate zinc intake in the case group (35%) compared to controls (27%). Mean plasma zinc was significantly lower in the case group than in controls (77.13 ± 22.21 vs 87.84 ± 17.44 μgZn/dl). Urinary zinc did not differ significantly between cases and controls. In the case group, plasma and urinary zinc concentrations were below reference values in 50.0% and 52.6% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: A large portion of patients with ALS exhibited poor dietary intake and changes in body zinc status. The zinc deficiency found in half of the ALS patients may contribute to a worsened prognosis and should be the target of nutritional intervention that aims to correct this deficiency (AU)

Introducción: hay pruebas considerables de que los cambios en la homeostasis del zinc están relacionados con la patogénesis de la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) y que la malnutrición es un factor pronóstico capaz de reducir la supervivencia de los pacientes con ELA. Objetivo: evaluar la ingesta dietética y el estado de zinc en pacientes con ELA, tratados en un centro de atención ambulatoria especializado en Natal, Brasil. Métodos: se incluyeron 20 pacientes con ELA (grupo de casos) y 37 sujetos sanos (grupo control). Se realizaron evaluaciones clínicas y antropométricas y se obtuvo la ingesta dietética en dos recordatorios de 24 horas. Las concentraciones plasmáticas y urinarias de zinc se determinaron por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Resultados: la mayoría de los participantes fueron eutróficos. El consumo medio de energía, proteínas, carbohidratos y grasas fue significativamente menor en el grupo de casos. Hubo una mayor prevalencia de ingesta inadecuada de zinc en el grupo de casos (35%) en comparación con los controles (27%). El zinc plasmático medio fue significativamente menor en el grupo de casos que en los controles (77,13 ± 22,21 frente a 87,84 ± 17,44 μgZn/dl). El zinc urinario no difirió significativamente entre los casos y los controles. En el grupo de casos, las concentraciones de zinc plasmático y urinario fueron inferiores a los valores de referencia en el 50,0% y 52,6% de los pacientes, respectivamente. Conclusión: gran parte de los pacientes con ELA exhibieron una ingesta dietética pobre y modificación en el estatus de zinc corporal. La deficiencia de zinc encontrada en la mitad de los pacientes con ELA puede contribuir a un empeoramiento del pronóstico y debe ser el objetivo de la intervención nutricional que apunta a corregir esta deficiencia (AU)

¿Cómo nos beneficia comer ostras?. Lo que no sabias del zinc / No disponible

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Serum zinc levels in 368 patients with oral mucosal diseases: A preliminary study

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the serum zinc levels in patients with common oral mucosal diseases by comparing these to healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 368 patients, which consisted of 156 recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) patients, 57 oral lichen planus (OLP) patients, 55 burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients, 54 atrophic glossitis (AG) patients, 46 xerostomia patients, and 115 sex-and age-matched healthy control subjects were enrolled in this study. Serum zinc levels were measured in all participants. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA, t-test, and Chi-square test. RESULTS: The mean serum zinc level in the healthy control group was significantly higher than the levels of all other groups (p < 0.001). No individual in the healthy control group had a serum zinc level less than the minimum normal value. However, up to 24.7% (13/54) of patients with AG presented with zinc deficiency, while 21.2% (33/156) of patients with RAS, 16.4% (9/55) of patients with BMS, 15.2% (7/46) of patients with xerostomia, and 14.0% (8/57) of patients with OLP were zinc deficient. Altogether, the zinc deficiency rate was 19.02% (70/368) in the oral mucosal diseases (OMD) group (all patients with OMD). The difference between the OMD and healthy control group was significant (p< 0.001). Gender differences in serum zinc levels were also present, although not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Zinc deficiency may be involved in the pathogenesis of common oral mucosal diseases. Zinc supplementation may be a useful treatment for oral mucosal diseases, but this requires further investigation; the optimal serum level of zinc, for the prevention and treatment of oral mucosal diseases, remains to be determined

Alimentos fonte de zinco consumidos por gestantes atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde / Food source of zinc consumed by pregnant women in basic health units

O presente estudo visou identificar os alimentos fonte de zinco consumidos por gestantes atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde de Caxias, Maranhão. Tratou-se de um estudo quantitativo de abordagem transversal, realizado em Unidades de Atenção Básica de Saúde de Caxias, tendo como referência a população de gestantes assistidas nas consultas pré-natais. Para a pesquisa foram selecionadas gestantes que eram atendidas pela equipe da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, no período de abril a junho de 2014. O estudo foi realizado com 68 gestantes, das quais, 52,9% (36) tinham de 19 a 26 anos e 47,1% (32) tinham de 27 a 35 anos, com média de idade de 27,8 anos. A análise do consumo do micronutriente zinco revelou que a prevalência desse consumo pelas gestantes está acima do recomendado.

La deficiencia de zinc: un problema global que afecta la salud y el desarrollo cognitivo / Zinc deficiency: a global problem that affect the health and cognitive development

La deficiencia de zinc afecta aproximadamente un tercio de la población mundial, principalmente en los países en vía de desarrollo, en las áreas rurales y en las comunidades más pobres, donde constituye un importante factor de riesgo asociado a enfermedad. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión de los avances científicos que han permitido conocer el papel fundamental del zinc en el control de la neurogénesis, el funcionamiento del cerebro y el desarrollo cognitivo. Con el fin de generar en los profesionales de salud, interés por la investigación de los efectos de la deficiencia de zinc en el desarrollo neurológico y cognitivo y su impacto negativo en el desarrollo cultural, social y económico de los pueblos(AU)

The zinc deficiency affects approximately a third of the world population, principally in the developing countries, the rural areas and in the poorest communities, where this micronutrient deficiency is one of the most prevalent risk factor for nutrientrelated diseases. This paper compiles scientific advances about the key role of the essential trace element zinc in the neurogenesis control, brain function and cognitive development. The aim of this work is to generate in health professionals, interest about the zinc deficiency effects in neuro-intellectual development and its negative impact in the cultural, economic and social development of the countries(AU)

Estado nutricional antropométrico y bioquímico, infestación parasitaria, estratificación social. Efectos de suplementación con zinc en niños de guarderías públicas venezolanas / Anthropometric and biochemical nutritional status, parasitic infestation, social stratification. The effects of zinc supplementation in children of Venezuelan public kindergartens

Fundamentos: Las deficiencias nutricionales calórico-proteicas y de micronutrientes impiden el crecimiento y el desarrollo normal de los individuos, limitando el rendimiento escolar, laboral e incrementando el riesgo de morbimortalidad poblacional. El objetivo fue hacer una suplementación con zinc (Zn) y establecer el estado nutricional antropométrico, bioquímico, así como determinar el consumo de alimentos, las condiciones socioeconómicas y la posible relación con los parámetros nutricionales e infestación parasitaria en niños preescolares. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental, longitudinal prospectivo doble ciego, con un muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas. Participaron 47 niños de los HOGAIN del Edo Lara con los indicadores Talla/Edad y Peso/Edad con valores igual o por debajo del percentil 10. Resultados: El déficit nutricional osciló entre 25%-33%, aunque el 66% de los niños con un consumo inadecuado de energía y nutrientes presentaron un estado nutricional antropométrico normal; la ingesta de proteínas, fibra y vitamina A fue superior al rango considerado como aceptable. Los alimentos más consumidos fueron los cereales y lácteos siendo estos la principal fuente de proteínas vegetal y animal respectivamente. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las medias antropométricas de ambos grupos. La prevalencia de niños con déficit disminuyó después de la suplementación en todos los indicadores antropométricos excepto T/E. Después de la suplementación, el porcentaje de anémicos y deficientes de Zn disminuyó en un 6% y 15%. Conclusiones: Más del 80% de la población estudiada se encuentra en situación de pobreza. En el grupo suplementado se observa un efecto positivo en los indicadores antropométricos, y disminuye la prevalencia de deficientes de Zn. Se recomienda extender el periodo de suplementación, o tomar en consideración la deficiencia de otros micronutrientes (AU)

Background: Deficiencies in caloric-protein nutrient and micronutrients impede normal growth and development of individuals, limiting school and work performance and increasing the risk of population morbidity and mortality. The aim was to make a zinc (Zn) supplementation and to establish anthropometric and biochemical nutritional status, as well to determine food consumption, socioeconomic conditions and possible relationship with nutritional parameters and parasite infestation in preschool children. Methods: A prospective longitudinal double-blind stydy was conducted, with non-probabilistic sampling by quotas. Participants were 47 children from HOGAIN in Lara State with height/age and weight/age indicators, with values equal or below the 10th percentile. Results: The nutritional deficit ranged from 25%-33%, although 66% of children with inadequate energy and nutrient intake had normal anthropometric nutritional status; the intake of protein, fiber and vitamin A was higher than the range considered acceptable. The most consumed foods were cereals and dairy products, being these the main source of vegetable and animal proteins respectively. There were no significant differences between the anthropometric means of both groups. The prevalence of children with deficits decreased after supplementation in all anthropometric indicators except T / E. After supplementation, the percentage of anemic and deficient Zn decreased by 6% and 15%. Conclusions: More than 80% of the population studied is in poverty. In the supplemented group, a positive effect was observed on the anthropometric indicators, and the prevalence of Zn deficiency decreased. It is recommended to extend the period of supplementation, or to take into account the deficiency of other micronutrients (AU)

Considerações sobre a Influência do Cortisol no Metabolismo do Zinco na Obesidade / Considerations on Cortisol Influence on Zinc Metabolism in Obesity

O acúmulo de gordura visceral na obesidade parece estar associado com a presença de desordens endócrinas, destacando-se a disfunção do eixo Hipotalâ - mico-Pituitário-Adrenal, que se encontra hiperresponsivo, acentuando a liberação de cortisol em pacientes obesos. A literatura mostra que o cortisol pode influenciar, de forma indireta, as concentrações intracelulares e plasmáticas de zinco, o que favorece a compartimentalização do mineral nos eritrócitos. Portanto, o objetivo desta revisão é trazer dados sobre a influência do cortisol na homeostase do zinco em indiví- duos obesos. Foi conduzida uma revisão narrativa, sendo que o levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, LILACS, utilizando-se as palavras-chave: 'obesity', 'zinc', 'cortisol', 'metallothionein'. Diante da gravidade dos distúrbios metabólicos presente na obesidade, torna-se evidente a necessidade de esclarecimentos sobre a influência da hipersecreção do cortisol sobre o metabolismo do zinco em pacientes obesos, o que possibilitará o desenvolvimento de estratégias, como, por exemplo, a possível suplementação com zinco na perspectiva da prevenção e tratamento de distúrbios associados a esta doença crônica (AU)

Visceral fat accumulation in obesity appears to be associated with the presence of endocrine disorders, highlighting dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis, which is hyper-responsive, enhancing the release of cortisol in obese patients. The literature shows that cortisol can influence, indirectly, the intracellular and plasma zinc concentrations, which promotes the compartmentalization of this mineral in erythrocytes. Therefore, the aim of this review is to bring data on the influence of cortisol in the metabolic behavior of zinc in obese individuals. A narrative review was conducted, and the literature was carried out in the databases PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs, using the following key words: 'obesity', 'zinc', 'cortisol', 'metallothionein'. Given the severity of metabolic disorders found in obesity, it becomes evident the need to clarify the influence of cortisol hypersecretion on zinc metabolism in obese patients, which will enable the development of strategies, for example, the possible supplementation with zinc in the perspective of prevention and treatment of disorders associated with this chronic disease (AU)

Determinação de cobre e outros minerais em caprinos e ovinos criados no sertão do vale do rio São Francisco, Pernambuco / Determination of copper and other minerals in goats and sheep of the San Francisco river valley in Pernambuco, Brazil

Para a determinação dos teores de cobre e de seus antagonistas, foram utilizadas 160 amostras de soro e de fígados, de caprinos e ovinos enviados ao matadouro municipal de Petrolina. As amostras de fígado e soro foram correlacionadas para o mesmo animal, a fim de evitar erros na obtenção dos dados. No soro a atividade da ceruloplasmina foi determinada por método colorimétrico. Para a determinação dos minerais, as amostras foram diluídas de seis a vinte vezes com água Milli-Q. Para determinação das concentrações dos elementos minerais no fígado, as amostras foram digeridas até que se obtivesse uma solução que mantivesse os minerais da amostra inicial e que fosse totalmente liquida, sem a presença de partículas sólidas que pudessem obstruir os capilares de sucção do espectrômetro e assim impedir as leituras das amostras. As concentrações de cobre, molibdênio, ferro e zinco foram determinadas através de espectrometria óptica por emissão de plasma (ICP). Desta forma, foi conduzido o experimento objetivando determinar a ocorrência e distribuição da carência de cobre no território do sertão do vale do rio São Francisco em Pernambuco. Foi observado que não houve carência de cobre nesta região do estado de Pernambuco, quando se avaliou os níveis médios de cobre hepático,. Os níveis de zinco estavam dentro de um padrão de normalidade, enquanto que os níveis de ferro foram mais elevados em ovinos, e os níveis de molibdênio mais reduzidos em caprinos. Verificou-se também que a atividade de ceruloplasmina foi um indicador dos níveis séricos de cobre...

For the determination of copper concentration and its antagonists, 160 serum and liver samples were used, from goat and sheep sent to the municipal slaughterhouse of Petrolina. The samples were correlated with the same animal, in order to prevent errors in data collection. Serum ceruloplasmin activity was determined by colorimetric method. For determination of minerals, the samples were diluted six to twenty times with Milli-Q water. For determining concentrations of mineral elements in the liver, the samples were digested until achieving a solution that maintained the initial sample and minerals totally liquid, without the presence of solid particles which could clog the capillary suction of the spectrometer and prevent reading of samples. The concentrations of copper, molybdenum, iron and zinc were determined by optical emission spectrometry (ICP). Thus, the experiment was conducted to determine the occurrence and distribution of copper deficiency in the San Francisco valley of Pernambuco. No copper deficiency was revealed in this region of the state of Pernambuco, when the mean levels of hepatic copper were evaluated. Zinc levels were within a normal range, whereas iron levels were higher in sheep, and lower levels of molybdenum in goats. It was also found that the activity of ceruloplasmin was an indicator of serum copper...

Factores asociados a la deficiencia de zinc en niños colombianos; resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2010; estudio transversal / Zinc deficiency and associated factors in Colombian children; results from the 2010 national nutrition survey; a cross sectional study

Introducción: El zinc (Zn) es un micronutriente esencial en el crecimiento celular, la síntesis proteica y la diferenciación celular. La deficiencia de Zn afecta el crecimiento y desarrollo del niño, el metabolismo energético y la respuesta inmune. Objetivo: Examinar los factores asociados a la deficiencia de Zn en una muestra representativa de colombianos niños. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, secundario de la información obtenida en la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional 2010 (ENSIN 2010), en 4.279 niños entre 12 y 59 meses. Los niveles plasmáticos de Zn se determinaron por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, y los factores asociados (sexo, edad, etnia, puntaje de SISBEN, región y área geográfica) se recogieron por encuesta estructurada. Se establecieron asociaciones mediante la construcción de modelos de regresión y factores asociados. Resultados: Se encontró un valor promedio de Zinc de 78,5 µg/dl (IC 95% = 76,7-80,4 µg/dl). El 43,3% (IC 95% 42,2-44,3%) de los niños presentaron niveles de Zn menores a 65 µg/dl. Los niños pertenecientes a grupos étnicos (indígena) o que residen en áreas rurales; presentaron mayor déficit de Zn (56,3% y 47,8%) respectivamente. Los modelos de regresión muestran que; ser indígena (OR 1,76 IC 95% 1,29-2,41); y residir en zonas rurales (OR 1,39 IC 95% 1,16-1,67), se asociaron al déficit de Zn. Conclusiones: La población estudiada presenta una alta prevalencia de déficit de Zn, por lo que se recomienda intervenciones integrales donde estén involucrados el componente nutricional y educativo (AU)

Introduction: Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for cell growth, protein synthesis and cell differentiation. This deficiency affects the growth, development, energy metabolism and immune response in Colombian children’s. Objective: To examine factors associated with Zn deficiency in a representative sample of Colombian children. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted of data from the 2010 National Nutrition Survey of Colombia (ENSIN 2010), in 4.279 children aged between 12-59 months of age. Plasma levels of Zn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and associated factors (sex, age, ethnicity, SISBEN score, and geographic region) were collected by structured questionnaire. Associations were established through a multivariable regression model. Results: We found a range of Zn of 78.5 µg/dl, (95% CI 76.7 to 80.4 µg/dl). 43.3% (95% CI 42.2%-44.3%) of children had lower Zn levels to 65 µg/dl. Children belonging to an ethnic groups (indigenous) or residing in rural areas; showed Zn deficiency (56.3% and 47.8%) respectively. Regression models show that to be indigenous (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.41), and to reside in rural areas (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.67) were associated with Zn deficiency. Conclusions: The study population shows a high prevalence of Zn deficiency, so it is recommended that comprehensive interventions which are involved nutritional and educational component (AU)

Acrodermatitis enteropática en paciente con ileostomía de alto débito / Enteropathic acrodermatitis in a patient with high-out-put ileostomy

La deficiencia de zinc es relativamente frecuente en ciertas patologías, pero su manifestación clínica es rara. Se expone el caso de un paciente que ingresó con cuadro de deshidratación hiponatrémica e insuficiencia prerrenal secundaria por ileostomía de alto débito e intolerancia oral. Aunque se normalizó el débito de la ilesotomía al tercer día del ingreso y los niveles plasmáticos de zinc iniciales fueron normales, el paciente después de estar con NPT suplementada con 13 mg/día de zinc, sufrió una deficiencia severa de zinc con acrodermatitis enteropática que se resolvió completamente después de una semana con 26,5mg/día. Sin embargo, los niveles plasmáticos no se normalizaron hasta pasado un mes de estar en tratamiento con estas macrodosis de zinc. El zinc plasmático no es un buen indicador de los depósitos de zinc en el organismo, y muchas veces, su alteración es un indicador tardío de deficiencia. Tampoco se observa una correlación entre la mejoría clínica y la normalización de sus niveles, siendo frecuente la resolución clínica a los pocos días de la suplementación sin detectarse aumento de zinc en plasma (AU)

Zinc deficiency is relatively common in certain pathologies, although its clinical manifestation is uncommon. We present the case of a patient who was admitted pre -senting hyponatremic dehydration and pre-renal failure secondary to high-output ileostomy and oral intolerance. Although the ileostomy output was normalized within 3days of admission and initial zinc plasma levels were normal, after being fed with TPN supplemented with 13mg/day of zinc, he suffered a severe zinc deficit with enteropathicacrodermatitis that was completely resolved after one week with 26.5 mg/day. However, plasma levels did not return to normal until one month on therapy with high doses of zinc. Zinc plasma levels are not a good indicator of zinc stores in the body and many times their changes are a late indicator of zinc deficit. There is not a correlation between the clinical improvement and normalization of zinc levels, being common the clinical resolution within few days of the supplementation without observing an increase of zinc plasma levels (AU)

El zinc, micronutriente importante en la salud humana / Zinc, important micronutrient in human health

La importancia biológica del zinc fue admitida por primera vez hace más de un siglo y en la actualidad continúan los estudios que avalan su valor en la nutrición humana. Se ha comprobado que la falta de zinc es bastante frecuente en la población de los países en vías de desarrollo, sobre todo en edades pediátricas, y se asocia en general a malnutrición y deficiencias de otros micronutrientes. El diagnóstico de la deficiencia leve de zinc en el hombre es difícil, ya que produce muchos síntomas clínicos inespecíficos. Por todo ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, para contribuir a incrementar los conocimientos del personal médico sobre su importancia, alimentos donde se puede encontrar, patologías en las que más está indicado su uso en pediatría y la forma de administración(AU)

The biological importance of zinc was first admitted over a century ago and present studies have supported its value. It has been proven that the shortage of zinc is very frequent all over the world and is generally associated to malnutrition and the lack of other micronutrients mainly during childhood. The diagnosis of the lack of zinc in humans is a very hard task as it produces lots of non-specific clinical symptoms. This problem was the motivation for a bibliographical review to increase the knowledge of the medical staff about the importance of zinc, the foods containing it, the pathologies requiring its use during childhood and its proper administration(AU)