In-stream attenuation of neuro-active pharmaceuticals and their metabolites.

In-stream attenuation was determined for 14 neuro-active pharmaceuticals and associated metabolites. Lagrangian sampling, which follows a parcel of water as it moves downstream, was used to link hydrological and chemical transformation processes. Wastewater loading of neuro-active compounds varied considerably over a span of several hours, and thus a sampling regime was used to verify that the Lagrangian parcel was being sampled and a mechanism was developed to correct measured concentrations if it was not. In-stream attenuation over the 5.4-km evaluated reach could be modeled as pseudo-first-order decay for 11 of the 14 evaluated neuro-active pharmaceutical compounds, illustrating the capacity of streams to reduce conveyance of neuro-active compounds downstream. Fluoxetine and N-desmethyl citalopram were the most rapidly attenuated compounds (t1/2 = 3.6 ± 0.3 h, 4.0 ± 0.2 h, respectively). Lamotrigine, 10,11,-dihydro-10,11,-dihydroxy-carbamazepine, and carbamazepine were the most persistent (t1/2 = 12 ± 2.0 h, 12 ± 2.6 h, 21 ± 4.5 h, respectively). Parent compounds (e.g., buproprion, carbamazepine, lamotrigine) generally were more persistent relative to their metabolites. Several compounds (citalopram, venlafaxine, O-desmethyl-venlafaxine) were not attenuated. It was postulated that the primary mechanism of removal for these compounds was interaction with bed sediments and stream biofilms, based on measured concentrations in stream biofilms and a column experiment using stream sediments.

Fracturas de temporal graves en niños: presentación, complicaciones y secuelas observadas en los últimos 11 años / Severe temporal bone fractures in children: Clinical presentation, complications and sequelae observed in the last 11 years

OBJETIVO: Analizar las características de presentación, complicaciones y secuelas, de las fracturas de temporal ingresadas en UCIP.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis descriptivo retrospectivo de las historias clínicas y TC craneal. RESULTADOS: Veintisiete pacientes ingresados en UCIP presentaron fractura del temporal: 13 (48%) sin afectación de peñasco (grupo 1) y 14 (52%) con afectación de peñasco (grupo 2). El grupo 2 presentó mayor estancia en la UCIP: 4,5 días (RI: 2,75-22,25) vs. 2 (RI: 1-3) (p = 0,018), mayor frecuencia de secuelas (p = 0,04) y presencia de fístula del LCR (p < 0,02). Los scores de PRIMS III e índice de traumatismo pediátrico no mostraron diferencias significativas. El 31% presentó hipoacusia, 2 pacientes fallecieron y 4 (15%) presentaron secuelas permanentes. CONCLUSIONES: Las fracturas temporales pueden ser graves, especialmente si incluyen al peñasco, bien por las lesiones asociadas, que marcan el riesgo vital, como por las secuelas (déficit auditivo o fístula LCR). Los autores indican el seguimiento de estos pacientes a largo plazo por Otorrinolaringología

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical presentation, complications and sequelae in patients with temporal bone fracture in the last 11 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 27 patient medical records were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients who were admitted for temporal bone fracture from 2001 to 2012, 13 (48%) had no petrous involvement (Group 1), and 14 (52%) with petrous involvement (Group 2). Patients in Group 2 had a longer P-ICU stay: median 4.5 days (RI: 2.75-22.25 d) vs 2 (RI: 1-3 d) (P=.018); more days on mechanical ventilation support: median 3 days (RI: 1.50-17 d) vs 1 (RI: 1-1.25 d). This group also had a higher frequency in sequelae (P=.04 OR = 1.4 (95% CI: 1.05-1.95)) and a higher incidence in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula (P<.02; OR 2.33; 95% CI (1.27-4.27)). Severity scores (PRIMS III and PTI) showed no significant differences. Some degree of hearing loss was observed in 31% of the patients. Traffic accident was the main cause of trauma (33%), followed by falls (27%). There were 2 deaths and 4 (15%) had permanent sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated temporal bone fractures usually have a good outcome in children, but in some cases they can be fatal or have permanent sequelae. Long term follow up is recommendedby authors