RESUMO
ß-Coronaviruses are a family of positive-strand enveloped RNA viruses that includes the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Much is known regarding their cellular entry and replication pathways, but their mode of egress remains uncertain. Using imaging methodologies and virus-specific reporters, we demonstrate that ß-coronaviruses utilize lysosomal trafficking for egress rather than the biosynthetic secretory pathway more commonly used by other enveloped viruses. This unconventional egress is regulated by the Arf-like small GTPase Arl8b and can be blocked by the Rab7 GTPase competitive inhibitor CID1067700. Such non-lytic release of ß-coronaviruses results in lysosome deacidification, inactivation of lysosomal degradation enzymes, and disruption of antigen presentation pathways. ß-Coronavirus-induced exploitation of lysosomal organelles for egress provides insights into the cellular and immunological abnormalities observed in patients and suggests new therapeutic modalities.
Assuntos
COVID-19/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Via Secretória , Liberação de Vírus , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Animais , COVID-19/patologia , Feminino , Células HeLa , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/farmacologia , Humanos , Lisossomos , Camundongos , Tioureia/análogos & derivados , Tioureia/farmacologia , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , proteínas de unión al GTP Rab7 , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
Members of the Rab or ARF/Sar branches of the Ras GTPase superfamily regulate almost every step of intracellular membrane traffic. A rapidly growing body of evidence indicates that these GTPases do not act as lone agents but are networked to one another through a variety of mechanisms to coordinate the individual events of one stage of transport and to link together the different stages of an entire transport pathway. These mechanisms include guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) cascades, GTPase-activating protein (GAP) cascades, effectors that bind to multiple GTPases, and positive-feedback loops generated by exchange factor-effector interactions. Together these mechanisms can lead to an ordered series of transitions from one GTPase to the next. As each GTPase recruits a unique set of effectors, these transitions help to define changes in the functionality of the membrane compartments with which they are associated.
Assuntos
GTP Fosfo-Hidrolases/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Animais , Endossomos/metabolismo , Complexo de Golgi/metabolismo , Humanos , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Transporte Proteico , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismoRESUMO
ADP ribosylation factor-like GTPase 2 (Arl2) is crucial for controlling mitochondrial fusion and microtubule assembly in various organisms. Arl2 regulates the asymmetric division of neural stem cells in Drosophila via microtubule growth. However, the function of mammalian Arl2 during cortical development was unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mouse Arl2 plays a new role in corticogenesis via regulating microtubule growth, but not mitochondria functions. Arl2 knockdown (KD) leads to impaired proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neuronal migration. Arl2 KD in mouse NPCs significantly diminishes centrosomal microtubule growth and delocalization of centrosomal proteins Cdk5rap2 and γ-tubulin. Moreover, Arl2 physically associates with Cdk5rap2 by in silico prediction using AlphaFold multimer, which was validated by co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay. Remarkably, Cdk5rap2 overexpression significantly rescues the neurogenesis defects caused by Arl2 KD. Therefore, Arl2 plays an important role in mouse cortical development through microtubule growth via the centrosomal protein Cdk5rap2.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Centrossomo , Microtúbulos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso , Células-Tronco Neurais , Neurogênese , Animais , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Neurogênese/genética , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Centrossomo/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Movimento Celular , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/embriologia , Córtex Cerebral/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genéticaRESUMO
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency requires bivalent epigenetic modifications of key developmental genes regulated by various transcription factors and chromatin-modifying enzymes. How these factors coordinate with one another to maintain the bivalent chromatin state so that ESCs can undergo rapid self-renewal while retaining pluripotency is poorly understood. We report that Utf1, a target of Oct4 and Sox2, is a bivalent chromatin component that buffers poised states of bivalent genes. By limiting PRC2 loading and histone 3 lysine-27 trimethylation, Utf1 sets proper activation thresholds for bivalent genes. It also promotes nuclear tagging of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) transcribed from insufficiently silenced bivalent genes for cytoplasmic degradation through mRNA decapping. These opposing functions of Utf1 promote coordinated differentiation. The mRNA degradation function also ensures rapid cell proliferation by blocking the Myc-Arf feedback control. Thus, Utf1 couples the core pluripotency factors with Myc and PRC2 networks to promote the pluripotency and proliferation of ESCs.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Embrionárias/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Transativadores/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/citologia , Epigênese Genética , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes/citologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismoRESUMO
Rab GTPases are frequent targets of vacuole-living bacterial pathogens for appropriate trafficking of the vacuole. Here we discover that bacterial effectors including VirA from nonvacuole Shigella flexneri and EspG from extracellular Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) harbor TBC-like dual-finger motifs and exhibits potent RabGAP activities. Specific inactivation of Rab1 by VirA/EspG disrupts ER-to-Golgi trafficking. S. flexneri intracellular persistence requires VirA TBC-like GAP activity that mediates bacterial escape from autophagy-mediated host defense. Rab1 inactivation by EspG severely blocks host secretory pathway, resulting in inhibited interleukin-8 secretion from infected cells. Crystal structures of VirA/EspG-Rab1-GDP-aluminum fluoride complexes highlight TBC-like catalytic role for the arginine and glutamine finger residues and reveal a 3D architecture distinct from that of the TBC domain. Structure of Arf6-EspG-Rab1 ternary complex illustrates a pathogenic signaling complex that rewires host Arf signaling to Rab1 inactivation. Structural distinctions of VirA/EspG further predict a possible extensive presence of TBC-like RabGAP effectors in counteracting various host defenses.
Assuntos
Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica/patogenicidade , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/metabolismo , Shigella flexneri/patogenicidade , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Autofagia , Disenteria Bacilar/imunologia , Disenteria Bacilar/microbiologia , Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica/metabolismo , Infecções por Escherichia coli/imunologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/imunologia , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Alinhamento de Sequência , Shigella flexneri/metabolismo , Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/químicaRESUMO
The late stages of Golgi maturation involve a series of sequential trafficking events in which cargo-laden vesicles are produced and targeted to multiple distinct subcellular destinations. Each of these vesicle biogenesis events requires activation of an Arf GTPase by the Sec7/BIG guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). Sec7 localization and activity is regulated by autoinhibition, positive feedback, and interaction with other GTPases. Although these mechanisms have been characterized biochemically, we lack a clear picture of how GEF localization and activity is modulated by these signals. Here, we report the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of full-length Sec7 in its autoinhibited form, revealing the architecture of its multiple regulatory domains. We use functional experiments to determine the basis for autoinhibition and use structural predictions to produce a model for an active conformation of the GEF that is supported empirically. This study therefore elucidates the conformational transition that Sec7 undergoes to become active on the organelle membrane surface.
Assuntos
GTP Fosfo-Hidrolases , Complexo de Golgi , Complexo de Golgi/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismoRESUMO
Vibrio vulnificus causes life-threatening wound and gastrointestinal infections, mediated primarily by the production of a Multifunctional-Autoprocessing Repeats-In-Toxin (MARTX) toxin. The most commonly present MARTX effector domain, the Makes Caterpillars Floppy-like (MCF) toxin, is a cysteine protease stimulated by host adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation factors (ARFs) to autoprocess. Here, we show processed MCF then binds and cleaves host Ras-related proteins in brain (Rab) guanosine triphosphatases within their C-terminal tails resulting in Rab degradation. We demonstrate MCF binds Rabs at the same interface occupied by ARFs. Moreover, we show MCF preferentially binds to ARF1 prior to autoprocessing and is active to cleave Rabs only subsequent to autoprocessing. We then use structure prediction algorithms to demonstrate that structural composition, rather than sequence, determines Rab target specificity. We further determine a crystal structure of aMCF as a swapped dimer, revealing an alternative conformation we suggest represents the open, activated state of MCF with reorganized active site residues. The cleavage of Rabs results in Rab1B dispersal within cells and loss of Rab1B density in the intestinal tissue of infected mice. Collectively, our work describes an extracellular bacterial mechanism whereby MCF is activated by ARFs and subsequently induces the degradation of another small host guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), Rabs, to drive organelle damage, cell death, and promote pathogenesis of these rapidly fatal infections.
Assuntos
Toxinas Bacterianas , Vibrio vulnificus , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Toxinas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Toxinas Bacterianas/química , Células HEK293 , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Proteólise , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Vibrioses/microbiologia , Vibrioses/metabolismo , Vibrio vulnificus/metabolismo , Vibrio vulnificus/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Endosomal trafficking of TrkA is a critical process for nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent neuronal cell survival and differentiation. The small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is implicated in NGF-dependent processes in PC12 cells through endosomal trafficking and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. However, the regulatory mechanism for Arf6 in NGF signaling is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that EFA6A, an Arf6-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, was abundantly expressed in PC12 cells and that knockdown of EFA6A significantly inhibited NGF-dependent Arf6 activation, TrkA recycling from early endosomes to the cell surface, prolonged ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and neurite outgrowth. We also demonstrated that EFA6A forms a protein complex with TrkA through its N-terminal region, thereby enhancing its catalytic activity for Arf6. Similarly, we demonstrated that EFA6A forms a protein complex with TrkA in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Furthermore, cultured DRG neurons from EFA6A knockout mice exhibited disturbed NGF-dependent TrkA trafficking compared with wild-type neurons. These findings provide the first evidence for EFA6A as a key regulator of NGF-dependent TrkA trafficking and signaling.
Assuntos
Fator 6 de Ribosilação do ADP , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP , Endossomos , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina , Fator de Crescimento Neural , Crescimento Neuronal , Receptor trkA , Animais , Camundongos , Ratos , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Endossomos/metabolismo , Gânglios Espinais/metabolismo , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/metabolismo , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/genética , Camundongos Knockout , Fator de Crescimento Neural/metabolismo , Células PC12 , Transporte Proteico , Receptor trkA/metabolismoRESUMO
Li et al present the results of a proximity-interaction screen in mammalian cells for the effector proteins of 25 members of the Arf family of small GTPases. This study has generated an important resource for those working in several areas of cell biology and provided an initial characterisation of two new cellular roles for some of the least well studied members of this family, the regulation of PLD1 by ARL11/14 in phagocytosis, and the regulation of PI4KB by ARL5A/5B in the Golgi.
Assuntos
Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP , Complexo de Golgi , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Animais , Complexo de Golgi/metabolismo , MamíferosRESUMO
The ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) and ARF-like (ARL) GTPases serve as essential molecular switches governing a wide array of cellular processes. In this study, we used proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) to comprehensively map the interactome of 28 out of 29 ARF and ARL proteins in two cellular models. Through this approach, we identified â¼3000 high-confidence proximal interactors, enabling us to assign subcellular localizations to the family members. Notably, we uncovered previously undefined localizations for ARL4D and ARL10. Clustering analyses further exposed the distinctiveness of the interactors identified with these two GTPases. We also reveal that the expression of the understudied member ARL14 is confined to the stomach and intestines. We identified phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and the ESCPE-1 complex, more precisely, SNX1, as proximity interactors. Functional assays demonstrated that ARL14 can activate PLD1 in cellulo and is involved in cargo trafficking via the ESCPE-1 complex. Overall, the BioID data generated in this study provide a valuable resource for dissecting the complexities of ARF and ARL spatial organization and signaling.
Assuntos
Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP , Fosfolipase D , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Humanos , Fosfolipase D/metabolismo , Fosfolipase D/genética , Células HEK293 , Animais , Nexinas de Classificação/metabolismo , Nexinas de Classificação/genética , Mapeamento de Interação de ProteínasRESUMO
Small GTPases switch between GDP- and GTP-bound states during cell signaling. The ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of small GTPases is involved in vesicle trafficking. Although evolutionarily well conserved, little is known about ARF and ARF-like GTPases in plants. We characterized biochemical properties and cellular localization of the essential small ARF-like GTPase TITAN 5 (TTN5; also known as HALLIMASCH, ARL2 and ARLC1) from Arabidopsis thaliana, and two TTN5 proteins with point mutants in conserved residues, TTN5T30N and TTN5Q70L, that were expected to be unable to perform nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis, respectively. TTN5 exhibited very rapid intrinsic nucleotide exchange and remarkably low GTP hydrolysis activity, functioning as a non-classical small GTPase being likely present in a GTP-loaded active form. We analyzed signals from YFP-TTN5 and HA3-TTN5 by in situ immunolocalization in Arabidopsis seedlings and through use of a transient expression system. Colocalization with endomembrane markers and pharmacological treatments suggests that TTN5 can be present at the plasma membrane and that it dynamically associates with membranes of vesicles, Golgi stacks and multivesicular bodies. Although TTN5Q70L mirrored wild-type TTN5 behavior, the TTN5T30N mutant differed in some aspects. Hence, the unusual rapid nucleotide exchange activity of TTN5 is linked with its membrane dynamics, and TTN5 likely has a role in vesicle transport within the endomembrane system.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Hidrólise , Complexo de Golgi/metabolismoRESUMO
Certain transmembrane and membrane-tethered signaling proteins export from cilia as BBSome cargoes via the outward BBSome transition zone (TZ) diffusion pathway, indispensable for maintaining their ciliary dynamics to enable cells to sense and transduce extracellular stimuli inside the cell. Murine Rab-like 2 (Rabl2) GTPase resembles Chlamydomonas Arf-like 3 (ARL3) GTPase in promoting outward TZ passage of the signaling protein cargo-laden BBSome. During this process, ARL3 binds to and recruits the retrograde IFT train-dissociated BBSome as its effector to diffuse through the TZ for ciliary retrieval, while how RABL2 and ARL3 cross talk in this event remains uncertain. Here, we report that Chlamydomonas RABL2 in a GTP-bound form (RABL2GTP) cycles through cilia via IFT as an IFT-B1 cargo, dissociates from retrograde IFT trains at a ciliary region right above the TZ, and converts to RABL2GDP for activating ARL3GDP as an ARL3 guanine nucleotide exchange factor. This confers ARL3GTP to detach from the ciliary membrane and become available for binding and recruiting the phospholipase D (PLD)-laden BBSome, autonomous of retrograde IFT association, to diffuse through the TZ for ciliary retrieval. Afterward, RABL2GDP exits cilia by being bound to the ARL3GTP/BBSome entity as a BBSome cargo. Our data identify ciliary signaling proteins exported from cilia via the RABL2-ARL3 cascade-mediated outward BBSome TZ diffusion pathway. According to this model, hedgehog signaling defect-induced Bardet-Biedl syndrome caused by RABL2 mutations in humans could be well explained in a mutation-specific manner, providing us with a mechanistic understanding behind the outward BBSome TZ passage required for proper ciliary signaling.
Assuntos
Cílios , Proteínas Hedgehog , Humanos , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Cílios/metabolismo , GTP Fosfo-Hidrolases/metabolismo , Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Transporte Proteico/genética , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , ChlamydomonasRESUMO
Normal receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) need to reach the plasma membrane (PM) for ligand-induced activation, whereas its cancer-causing mutants can be activated before reaching the PM in organelles, such as the Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN). Inhibitors of protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), such as brefeldin A (BFA) and 2-methylcoprophilinamide (M-COPA), can suppress the activation of mutant RTKs in cancer cells, suggesting that RTK mutants cannot initiate signaling in the ER. BFA and M-COPA block the function of ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) that play a crucial role in ER-Golgi protein trafficking. However, among ARF family proteins, the specific ARFs inhibited by BFA or M-COPA, that is, the ARFs involved in RTKs transport from the ER, remain unclear. In this study, we showed that M-COPA blocked the export of not only KIT but also PDGFRA/EGFR/MET RTKs from the ER. ER-retained RTKs could not fully transduce anti-apoptotic signals, thereby leading to cancer cell apoptosis. Moreover, a single knockdown of ARF1, ARF3, ARF4, ARF5, or ARF6 could not block ER export of RTKs, indicating that BFA/M-COPA treatment cannot be mimicked by the knockdown of only one ARF member. Interestingly, simultaneous transfection of ARF1, ARF4, and ARF5 siRNAs mirrored the effect of BFA/M-COPA treatment. Consistent with these results, in vitro pulldown assays showed that BFA/M-COPA blocked the function of ARF1, ARF4, and ARF5. Taken together, these results suggest that BFA/M-COPA targets at least ARF1, ARF4, and ARF5; in other words, RTKs require the simultaneous activation of ARF1, ARF4, and ARF5 for their ER export.
Assuntos
Fator 1 de Ribosilação do ADP , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP , Brefeldina A , Retículo Endoplasmático , Transporte Proteico , Humanos , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Fator 1 de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Fator 1 de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Brefeldina A/farmacologia , Transporte Proteico/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/genética , Células HeLaRESUMO
Rab35 (Ras-associated binding protein) is a small GTPase that regulates endosomal membrane trafficking and functions in cell polarity, cytokinesis, and growth factor signaling. Altered Rab35 function contributes to progression of glioblastoma, defects in primary cilia formation, and altered cytokinesis. Here, we report a pediatric patient with global developmental delay, hydrocephalus, a Dandy-Walker malformation, axial hypotonia with peripheral hypertonia, visual problems, and conductive hearing impairment. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous missense variant in the GTPase fold of RAB35 (c.80G>A; p.R27H) as the most likely candidate. Functional analysis of the R27H-Rab35 variant protein revealed enhanced interaction with its guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, DENND1A and decreased interaction with a known effector, MICAL1, indicating that the protein is in an inactive conformation. Cellular expression of the variant drives the activation of Arf6, a small GTPase under negative regulatory control of Rab35. Importantly, variant expression leads to delayed cytokinesis and altered length, number, and Arl13b composition of primary cilia, known factors in neurodevelopmental disease. Our findings provide evidence of altered Rab35 function as a causative factor of a neurodevelopmental disorder.
Assuntos
Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fator 6 de Ribosilação do ADP , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Cílios/metabolismo , Cílios/genética , Cílios/patologia , Citocinese/genética , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/genética , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/metabolismo , Mutação com Perda de Função , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/genética , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/metabolismo , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/patologia , Linhagem , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Terciária de ProteínaRESUMO
Polarity of plasma membrane proteins is essential for cell morphogenesis and control of cell division and, thus, influences organ and whole plant development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root endodermal cells, 2 transmembrane kinases, INFLORESCENCE AND ROOT APICES RECEPTOR KINASE (IRK) and KINASE ON THE INSIDE (KOIN), accumulate at opposite lateral domains. Their polarization is tightly linked to their activities regulating cell division and ground tissue patterning. The polarization of IRK and KOIN relies solely on the secretion of newly synthesized protein. However, the secretion machinery by which their opposite, lateral polarity is achieved remains largely unknown. Here, we show that different sets of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs) mediate their secretion. ARF-GEF GNOM-like-1 (GNL1) regulates KOIN secretion to the inner polar domain, thereby directing KOIN sorting early in the secretion pathway. For IRK, combined chemical and genetic analyses showed that the ARG-GEF GNL1, GNOM, and the BREFELDIN A-INHIBITED-GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE-EXCHANGE FACTORs 1 to 4 (BIG1-BIG4) collectively regulate its polar secretion. The ARF-GEF-dependent mechanisms guiding IRK or KOIN lateral polarity were active across different root cell types and functioned regardless of the protein's inner/outer polarity in those cells. Therefore, we propose that specific polar trafficking of IRK and KOIN occurs via distinct mechanisms that are not constrained by cell identity or polar axis and likely rely on individual protein recognition.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/genética , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/metabolismo , Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismoRESUMO
Arf6 is a member of ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) family, which is widely implicated in the regulation of multiple physiological processes including endocytic recycling, cytoskeletal organization, and membrane trafficking during mitosis. In this study, we investigated the potential relationship between Arf6 and aging-related oocyte quality, and its roles on organelle rearrangement and cytoskeleton dynamics in porcine oocytes. Arf6 expressed in porcine oocytes throughout meiotic maturation, and it decreased in aged oocytes. Disruption of Arf6 led to the failure of cumulus expansion and polar body extrusion. Further analysis indicated that Arf6 modulated ac-tubulin for meiotic spindle organization and microtubule stability. Besides, Arf6 regulated cofilin phosphorylation and fascin for actin assembly, which further affected spindle migration, indicating the roles of Arf6 on cytoskeleton dynamics. Moreover, the lack of Arf6 activity caused the dysfunction of Golgi and ER for protein synthesis and signal transduction. Mitochondrial dysfunction was also observed in Arf6-deficient porcine oocytes, which was supported by the increased ROS level and abnormal membrane potential. In conclusion, our results reported that insufficient Arf6 was related to aging-induced oocyte quality decline through spindle organization, actin assembly, and organelle rearrangement in porcine oocytes.
Assuntos
Fator 6 de Ribosilação do ADP , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP , Oócitos , Animais , Oócitos/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Suínos , Feminino , Meiose/fisiologia , Fuso Acromático/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
ARL3 is essential for cilia development, and mutations in ARL3 are closely associated with ciliopathies. In a previous study, we observed distinct phenotypes of retinal dystrophy in patients with heterozygous ARL3T31A and compound heterozygous ARL3T31A/C118F mutations, indicating that different mutation types may exert diverse effects on their functions. Here, we generated transformed immortal fibroblast cells from patients carrying heterozygous ARL3T31A and compound heterozygous ARL3T31A/C118F mutations, and systematically evaluated their cilia morphology and function, which were further validated in ARPE-19 cells. Results showed that both ARL3T31A and ARL3T31A/C118F mutations led to a decrease in cilium formation. The ARL3T31A/C118F mutations caused significantly elongated cilia and impaired retrograde transport, whereas the ARL3T31A mutation did not induce significant changes in fibroblasts. RNA-sequencing results indicated that compared to ARL3T31A , ARL3T31A/C118F fibroblasts exhibited a higher enrichment of biological processes related to neuron projection development, tissue morphogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, with noticeable alterations in pathways such as ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and TGF-ß signaling. Similar changes were observed in the proteomic results in ARPE-19 cells. Core regulated genes including IQUB, UNC13D, RAB3IP, and GRIP1 were specifically downregulated in the ARL3T31A/C118F group, and expressions of IQUB, NPM2, and SLC38A4 were further validated. Additionally, IQUB showed a rescuing effect on the overlong cilia observed in ARL3T31A/C118F fibroblasts. Our results not only enhance our understanding of ARL3-related diseases but also provide new insights into the analysis of heterozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in genetics.
Assuntos
Cílios , Proteômica , Humanos , Cílios/genética , Cílios/metabolismo , Transporte Proteico , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Mutação , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismoRESUMO
BLOC-one-related complex (BORC) is a multiprotein complex composed of eight subunits named BORCS1-8. BORC associates with the cytosolic face of lysosomes, where it sequentially recruits the small GTPase ARL8 and kinesin-1 and -3 microtubule motors to promote anterograde transport of lysosomes toward the peripheral cytoplasm in non-neuronal cells and the distal axon in neurons. The physiological and pathological importance of BORC in humans, however, remains to be determined. Here, we report the identification of compound heterozygous variants [missense c.85T>C (p.Ser29Pro) and frameshift c.71-75dupTGGCC (p.Asn26Trpfs*51)] and homozygous variants [missense c.196A>C (p.Thr66Pro) and c.124T>C (p.Ser42Pro)] in BORCS8 in five children with a severe early-infantile neurodegenerative disorder from three unrelated families. The children exhibit global developmental delay, severe-to-profound intellectual disability, hypotonia, limb spasticity, muscle wasting, dysmorphic facies, optic atrophy, leuko-axonopathy with hypomyelination, and neurodegenerative features with prevalent supratentorial involvement. Cellular studies using a heterologous transfection system show that the BORCS8 missense variants p.Ser29Pro, p.Ser42Pro and p.Thr66Pro are expressed at normal levels but exhibit reduced assembly with other BORC subunits and reduced ability to drive lysosome distribution toward the cell periphery. The BORCS8 frameshift variant p.Asn26Trpfs*51, on the other hand, is expressed at lower levels and is completely incapable of assembling with other BORC subunits and promoting lysosome distribution toward the cell periphery. Therefore, all the BORCS8 variants are partial or total loss-of-function alleles and are thus likely pathogenic. Knockout of the orthologous borcs8 in zebrafish causes decreased brain and eye size, neuromuscular anomalies and impaired locomotion, recapitulating some of the key traits of the human disease. These findings thus identify BORCS8 as a novel genetic locus for an early-infantile neurodegenerative disorder and highlight the critical importance of BORC and lysosome dynamics for the development and function of the central nervous system.
Assuntos
Lisossomos , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Humanos , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Lisossomos/genética , Feminino , Masculino , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/genética , Animais , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Peixe-Zebra , Linhagem , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/genética , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Alelos , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto/genéticaRESUMO
Arfs are small G proteins that have a key role in vesicle trafficking and cytoskeletal remodeling. ArfGAP proteins stimulate Arf intrinsic GTP hydrolysis by a mechanism that is still unresolved. Using a fusion construct we solved the structure of the ArfGAP ASAP3 in complex with Arf6 in the transition state. This structure clarifies the ArfGAP catalytic mechanism and shows a glutamine((Arf6)) and an arginine finger((ASAP3)) as the important catalytic residues. Unexpectedly the structure shows a calcium ion, liganded by both proteins in the complex interface, stabilizing the interaction and orienting the catalytic machinery. Calcium stimulates the GAP activity of ASAPs, but not other members of the ArfGAP family. This type of regulation is unique for GAPs and any other calcium-regulated processes and hints at a crosstalk between Ca(2+) and Arf signaling.
Assuntos
Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/química , Fatores de Ribosilação do ADP/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/química , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/metabolismo , Fator 6 de Ribosilação do ADP , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Alinhamento de SequênciaRESUMO
The BBSome is a complex of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) proteins that shares common structural elements with COPI, COPII, and clathrin coats. Here, we show that the BBSome constitutes a coat complex that sorts membrane proteins to primary cilia. The BBSome is the major effector of the Arf-like GTPase Arl6/BBS3, and the BBSome and GTP-bound Arl6 colocalize at ciliary punctae in an interdependent manner. Strikingly, Arl6(GTP)-mediated recruitment of the BBSome to synthetic liposomes produces distinct patches of polymerized coat apposed onto the lipid bilayer. Finally, the ciliary targeting signal of somatostatin receptor 3 needs to be directly recognized by the BBSome in order to mediate targeting of membrane proteins to cilia. Thus, we propose that trafficking of BBSome cargoes to cilia entails the coupling of BBSome coat polymerization to the recognition of sorting signals by the BBSome.