A case of obstructive chronic bacterial sialadenitis of submandibular salivary gland.

A young man in his early 20s presented with extraoral swelling on left side of his face, which had been present for a period of 1 month. Intraoral examination revealed an erythematous swelling on the left side of floor of the mouth at the ductal opening of left submandibular salivary gland. On palpation, multiple firm masses were noted, and pus mixed with blood was discharged from the ductal opening. He reported a history of swelling occurring in the same region, which was associated with mild fever and subsided after taking antibiotics. Keeping the history in mind, multiple radiographical investigations were carried out, focusing on the submandibular salivary gland. These investigations revealed the presence of salivary calculi, also known as salivary stones or sialolith, in the ductal pathway, causing obstruction to the glandular parenchyma. Hence, a final diagnosis of obstructive chronic bacterial sialadenitis was made. The case was treated surgically due to the size of the salivary stones, in combination with a preoperative antibiotic course. Multiple stones were retrieved and the incision was sutured. Complete healing was noted in a span of 2 weeks. This case report highlights the effectiveness of conventional imaging modalities in early diagnosis compared with advanced imaging techniques. By using conventional imaging, the case was managed with a simple surgical procedure rather than the more invasive option of removing the entire gland, thereby preserving the patient's quality of life. This case report underscores the importance of clinical examination and selecting appropriate investigative tools for early diagnosis, supported by a comprehensive literature review.

Incidence and presence of virulence factors of Streptococcus suis infection in slaughtered pigs from Chiang Mai, Thailand.

This study was designed to determine the incidence of Streptococcus suis infection in slaughtered pigs raised in industrial facility and backyard system in Chiang Mai City, Thailand. A total of 90 tonsils and submaxillary salivary gland/lymph node samples from slaughtered pigs raised in industrial facility and 122 samples from slaughtered pigs raised in backyard system were collected. Isolation and identification of S. suis were conducted using standard bacteriological methods. Farm management and risk factor data were collected by a questionnaire. Serotyping and presence of virulence factor genes, epf, mrp and sly, were determined by multiplex PCR assay. The overall incidence of S. suis in this study was 9% (n = 212) and the incidence is significantly higher in districts located at a greater distance south of Chiang Mai City. S. suis serotype 2 was present more in healthy pigs (43%) than ill pigs (10%). Every S. suis isolate carried mrp and sly and ill pigs carried epf (80%) more than healthy pigs (57%). However, the probability of S. suis serotype 2 with epf+ (0.245) detected in healthy pigs was higher than in ill pigs (0.08) indicating people may have a higher risk of being infected with S. suis from healthy than ill pigs.

Coexistence of actinomycosis and sialolithiasis in the submandibular gland.

Actinomycosis of the submandibular gland is unusual. A 55-year-old male presented with a right, painless submandibular mass of four-year duration. Physical examination revealed a 4 x 3-cm mass in the submandibular region. Ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration from the lesion showed microorganisms compatible with actinomyces colonies in the glandular tissue. The diagnosis was made as actinomycosis of the right submandibular gland accompanied by sialolithiasis. The patient was treated with penicillin G (10 million U/day) for three months, followed by 3 g/day oral penicillin for six months. After this medication, physical examination showed no decrease in the size of the mass and the clinical features remained unchanged. Submandibular gland excision under general anesthesia was performed.

Morphological evidence of biofilm in chronic obstructive sialadenitis.

OBJECTIVE: Bacterial infection is a common finding in acute sialadenitis and may play a role in the chronicity of the condition. This study investigated if bacterial biofilm is present in submandibular chronic obstructive sialadenitis. METHODS: A descriptive case-control study was conducted that compared 10 histological sections of submandibular glands with chronic obstructive sialadenitis, to 10 histological sections of the healthy part of submandibular glands with pleomorphic adenoma. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation and confocal laser scanning microscopy visualised evidence of bacterial biofilm. RESULTS: In the chronic obstructive sialadenitis group, 5 out of 10 histological sections showed morphological evidence of bacterial biofilm. In the control group, there was no sign of bacterial biofilm formation. CONCLUSION: Morphological evidence of bacterial biofilm was found in the submandibular gland sections from patients with chronic sialadenitis and suggests a role in the chronicity of submandibular chronic obstructive sialadenitis.

Mammary tumor virus particles in the submaxillary gland, seminal vesicle, and nonmammary tumors of wild mice.

Type-B mammary tumor virus particles were detected by electron microscopy in the submaxillary glands of 6 of 27 freshly trapped, pregnant wild mice (Mus musculus). Type-B particles were also detected in 3 9f 24 seminal vesicles and 2 pulmonary adenomas from wild mice. Intracytoplasmic type-A virus particles were found in 7 spontaneous nonmammary tumors (lymphoma, hepatoma, lung adenoma) of aging wild mice. Type-C virus particles were also detected in many of these tissues.

Similar presentation of cervical lymphadenitis of different etiology in two siblings.

Here, we report chronic suppurating submandibular swelling occurring in two siblings, with one case caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria and the other caused by Bartonella henselae. These two infections share a similar clinical presentation, but the treatment modalities differed.

[Malakoplakia of the submandibular gland in a renal transplant patient]. / Malakoplakie de la glande sous-mandibulaire chez un patient transplanté rénal.

INTRODUCTION: Malakoplakia (MP) is a rare granulomatous disease, usually occurring in immunocompromised patients, linked to Escherichia coli infection. The lesions are usually located in the genitourinary tract, but there is a great variability in the topography and the clinical presentation. CASE REPORT: A 70-year-old diabetic kidney transplant patient under immunosuppressive treatment presented with a voluminous submandibular chronic lesion, involving the skin, associated with a burgeoning lesion of the oral mucosa. Histological examination of biopsies concluded to MP and bacteriological samples were positive for E. coli. Antibiotic treatment allowed for the regression of the lesion before surgical removal. Histological examination of resected material confirmed the diagnosis of invasive MP of the submandibular gland. DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of MP relies on histological examination, showing the presence of von Hansemann's cells and Michaelis- Gutmann bodies. The treatment is based on active antibiotics targeted against intracellular bacteria, possibly associated with surgery. We report the first case of MP involving the submandibular gland.

Isolation of Actinomyces viscosus from two patients with clinical infections.

The isolation of Actinomyces viscosus from two patients is described. One was a case of multiple myeloma, the organism being found on blood culture; the other was a patient with a submandibular abscess. These are believed to be the first such isolations of A. viscosus in this country.

Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of suppurative sialadenitis.

Aspirates of pus from acute suppurative sialadenitis were investigated for the presence of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. A total of 47 specimens, 32 from parotid, 9 from submandibular and 6 from sublingual glands yielded bacterial growth. Fifty five isolates, 25 aerobic and 30 anaerobic, were isolated from parotid infection: anaerobic bacteria only were detected in 13 (41%) specimens, aerobic or facultative bacteria only in 11 (34%) and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 8 (25%). Of a total of 17 isolates, 8 aerobic and 9 anaerobic, from submandibular gland infection: anaerobic bacteria only were detected in 3 (33%) specimens, aerobic or facultative bacteria only in 4 (44%) and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 2 (22%). Ten isolates, 5 aerobic and 5 anaerobic, were from sublingual gland infection: anaerobic bacteria only were detected in 2 (33%) specimens, aerobic or facultative bacteria only in 2 (33%) and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 2 (33%). The predominant aerobes were Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae while the predominant anaerobes were gram-negative bacilli (including pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp., and Fusobacterium spp.) and Peptostreptococcus spp. The study highlights the polymicrobial nature and importance of anaerobic bacteria in acute suppurative sialadenitis.

An ultrastructural study of the formation of "dark" and "light" cytoplasmic inclusions by murine cytomegalovirus in mouse submandibular gland.

Electron micrographs of acinar cells of the submandibular glands of CFW mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus, Smith strain, were studied. The resulting viral intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were classified into two groups termed "light" (relatively electron-lucent) and "dark" (relatively electron-dense). It appeared that the "dark" type was the late stage of inclusion body maturation.

Experimental rabies in skunks: immune response and salivary gland infection.

Groups of striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) were inoculated intramuscularly with graded doses of street rabies virus. At various intervals after inoculation, saliva and sera were tested for rabies virus and neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Skunks that developed rabies were killed in terminal stages of the disease and the following examinations were made: titers of virus and antibody in submandibular salivary glands and brain, extent of immunofluorescence in submandibular salivary glands, and histologic examination of various tissues. Skunks that received inocula containing 4 x 10(4) to 4 x 10(5) mouse intracerebral lethal dose50 (MICLD50) had detectable serum neutralizing antibodies by 7-12 days postinoculation; however, most of the skunks that received lower doses (40 to 4 x 10(3) MICLD50) did not have detectable serum neutralizing antibodies until clinical signs began. In the salivary glands, slight and extensive immunofluorescence corresponded to high and low titers of tissue neutralizing antibody. Also low viral titers were associated with high tissue neutralizing antibody titers. There was a close correlation between viral titers in right and left submandibular salivary glands. The results suggest that the immune response can impede the process of infection of the salivary glands resulting in lack of antigen or low amounts of antigen in this tissue. This could occur through interference with centrifugal neural transport of virus and/or neutralization of virus during transfer from neural elements to epithelial cells. Lack of infectious virus or low viral titers in salivary glands containing antigen and high levels of tissue neutralizing antibodies can be caused partly by postmortem virus neutralization (during viral titration).

Mycoplasma orale infection affects K+ and Cl- currents in the HSG salivary gland cell line.

The relations between K+ channel and Cl- channel currents and mycoplasma infection status were studied longitudinally in HSG cells, a human submandibular gland cell line. The K+ channel currents were disrupted by the occurrence of mycoplasma infection: muscarinic activation of K+ channels and K+ channel expression as estimated by ionomycin- or hypotonically induced K+ current responses were all decreased. Similar decreases in ionomycin- and hypotonically induced responses were observed for Cl- channels, but only the latter decrease was statistically significant. Also, Cl- currents could be elicited more frequently than K+ currents (63% of cases versus 0%) in infected cells when tested by exposure to hypotonic media, indicating that mycoplasma infection affects K+ channels relatively more than Cl- channels. These changes occurred in the originally infected cells, were ameliorated when the infection was cleared with sparfloxacin, and recurred when the cells were reinfected. Such changes would be expected to result in hyposecretion of salivary fluid if they occurred in vivo.

Neonatal submandibular sialadenitis progressing to submandibular gland abscess.

Submandibular sialadenitis is exceptionally rare in neonates. We describe a case of submandibular sialadenitis progressing to submandibular abscess in a term neonate. The aetiology, investigations and treatment for this very rare condition are discussed.

Symbiotic bacteria in the accessory submandibular gland of the club-footed bat, Tylonycteris pachypus.

The lumina of the secretory endpieces and, to a lesser extent, of the duct system of the accessory submandibular gland of the club-footed bat, Tylonycteris pachypus, contain numerous rod shaped bacteria. Despite their abundance, these microbes do not evoke an inflammatory response by the glands. The major submandibular gland, as well as the other major salivary glands in these exotic animals contain no bacteria whatsoever. It is concluded that the bacteria in the accessory submandibular gland are symbionts, and that they may play a role in digestion or in the social behavior of their host organisms.

Mammary tumour induction by pituitary grafting in male mice: an animal model for male breast cancer.

Isologous anterior pituitary grafting, 4 each, to 3-4-month-old SHN and SLN male mice resulted in an appearance of mammary tumours from 8 months of age and the incidence at 12 months reached 53.8% in each strain. All tumours were diagnosed as type B adenocarcinomas. In association with the results, normal mammary gland growth and mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV)-gp52 antigen levels in the submaxillary glands were stimulated by the treatment in these strains. The effect of pituitary grafting was much less in GR/A male mice in which no mammary tumours appeared.

Plasticity and patterns of evolution in mammalian salivary glands: comparative immunohistochemistry of lysozyme in bats.

Salivary gland plasticity was a significant adaptive feature in the mammalian radiation. This plasticity is reflected in remarkable and well-documented interspecific phenotypic variation in gland ultrastructure and in the chemical components of saliva. However, comparative data are still too sparse for determination of evolutionary trends that combine phenotypic patterns with evolutionary history and the actual secretory products. Although our theoretical approach assumes that natural selection has taken advantage of salivary gland plasticity in gene regulation, gland development, and secretory cell organelles and processes, it still is difficult to delineate the biological roles of secretory products in the context of ecological adaptation. In the present investigation we used immunohistochemical techniques and a polyclonal antiserum against lysozyme to compare the parotid and principal submandibular glands in a set of 12 species of microchiropteran bats. With this data set we used comparative methods and phylogenetic trees to develop the foundations for testable hypotheses about the molecular genetics and adaptive significance of lysozyme production in bats. By comparing immunohistochemical results with ultrastructure, lysozyme-like immunoreactivity was associated with serous secretory granules in parotid gland acinar calls, parotid gland intercalated duct cells, and submandibular gland demilune cells. Lysozyme production in submandibular gland demilune cells marks a point of evolutionary divergence between three families of insectivorous bats and four families composed of species with diverse diets (ranging from carnivory to nectarivory). In terms of diet, lysozyme-like immunoreactivity corresponded most strongly with feeding on hard-bodied insects, leading to the hypothesis that lysozyme serves as an important chitinase in bat saliva.

A pathological study of a mycobacterial infection in a cat caused by a variant with cultural characteristics between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M bovis.

A histological examination of a biopsy from a firm submandibular mass in a seven-year-old domestic short-haired cat revealed a granulomatous lymphadenitis associated with the presence of small numbers of acid-fast bacilli. The cat was euthanased and subjected to a detailed post mortem examination which revealed extensive granulomatous inflammation in the right and left bronchial, para-aortic, mesenteric and colic lymph nodes, with small or early lesions in the lung and Peyer's patches of the ileum. Mycobacteria were isolated from the submandibular, mesenteric and cervical lymph nodes. The bacilli reacted with a DNA probe specific for the tuberculosis complex, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M bovis, but had cultural characteristics intermediate between these two species. The pathological findings are compared with previous reports of mycobacterial infections in cats, and the public health implications are discussed.

Morphological differences in the central nervous system and organs of monkeys inoculated intracerebrally with virulent and attenuated strains of mumps virus.

The degree of attenuation of mumps virus was studied in intracerebrally inoculated Macaca mulatta monkeys. The virulent Leningrad-3 strain and its attenuated variant as well as the attenuated Sophia-6 strain were used. The nature of pathological alterations in the neurons pointed to neurotropism of only the virulent strain. Morphological changes caused by attenuated and virulent strains in the brain structures, in the epithelium and glandular structures of the salivary glands differed considerably and may be used as a kind of markers of neurovirulence and the degree of attenuation of mumps virus strains.

[Submaxillary sialolithiasis due to Actinomyces israelii. A case report]. / Sialolitiasis submaxilar por actionomices Israelii. A propósito de un caso.

Actynomicosis of the submaxillary gland is a very uncommon infectious disease. In this article one case of submaxillary sialolithiasis by actynomices israelii in a young girl is presented. We discuss several aspects of its diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities and review the literature on the subject. We emphasize the interest and value of performing a microbacteriological, mineralogical and pathological study of the calculi.