Cost-of-Illness of Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer's rising incidence demands understanding of its economic impact. The current understanding is fragmented because of the various methodological approaches applied in skin cancer cost-of-illness studies. OBJECTIVE: This study systematically reviews melanoma and keratinocyte carcinoma cost-of-illness studies to provide an overview of the applied methodological approaches and to identify the main cost drivers. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted adhering to the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from December 2022 until December 2023 using a search strategy with entry terms related to the concepts of skin cancer and cost of illness. The records were screened on the basis of the title and abstract and subsequently on full text against predetermined eligibility criteria. Articles published before 2012 were excluded. A nine-item checklist adapted for cost-of-illness studies was used to assess the methodological quality of the articles. RESULTS: This review included a total of 45 studies, together evaluating more than half a million patients. The majority of the studies (n = 36) focused on melanoma skin cancer, a few (n = 3) focused on keratinocyte carcinomas, and 6 studies examined both. Direct costs were estimated in all studies, while indirect costs were only estimated in nine studies. Considerable heterogeneity was observed across studies, mainly owing to disparities in study population, methodological approaches, included cost categories, and differences in healthcare systems. In melanoma skin cancer, both direct and indirect costs increased with progressing tumor stage. In advanced stage melanoma, systemic therapy emerged as the main cost driver. In contrast, for keratinocyte carcinoma no obvious cost drivers were identified. CONCLUSIONS: A homogeneous skin cancer cost-of-illness study design would be beneficial to enhance between-studies comparability, identification of cost drivers, and support evidence-based decision-making for skin cancer.

I-125 eye-plaque seed economics: To re-use or to not re-use? A single institutional cost savings analysis of re-using I-125 radioactive seeds for eye-Plaque brachytherapy.

INTRODUCTION: Iodine-125 (I-125) seeds, commonly used in low-dose rate brachytherapy for ocular malignancies, are often discarded after a single use. This study examines the potential cost savings at an institution with high ocular melanoma referrals, by re-using I-125 seeds for eye-plaque brachytherapy. METHODS: In this single-institutional retrospective analysis, data was collected from I-125 seed orders from 8/2019 through 10/2022. Information including number of seeds ordered per lot, number of plaques built per lot, and number of seeds used per lot were collected. Cost per lot of seed was assumed to be the current cost from the most recent lot of 35 seeds. RESULTS: During the study, 72 I-125 seed lots were ordered bi-weekly, with a median of 35 seeds per lot (Range: 15-35). Each seed was used on average 2.26 times prior to being discarded. The average duration of each seed lot used was 62.2 days (Range: 21-126). Each seed lot contributed to the construction of an average of 8.4 eye plaques (Range: 2-20). With seed recycling, 2,475 seeds were used to construct 608 eye-plaques. Without re-using practice this would require 5,694 seeds. This resulted in a percentage cost savings of 56.5%, with a total seed cost reduction of $344,884, or $559 per eye-plaque on average. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to evaluate cost savings relative to re-using I-125 seeds for eye plaques. The data demonstrates how an institution can decrease costs associated with I-125 radiation seeds used for eye-plaque brachytherapy by re-using them.

Health and Economic Outcomes of Pembrolizumab in the Treatment of Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (mNSCLC) and Melanoma in Italy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In Italy, the management of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma leads to significant healthcare challenges, necessitating cost-effective treatment strategies and offering valuable insights for healthcare policymakers and stakeholders. This study was designed to assess the costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) associated with the health and economic outcomes of (1) pembrolizumab-combined chemotherapy administered as a first-line treatment for metastatic non-squamous and squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) where the tumour presents with a programmed death-ligand 1 expression level < 50% and of (2) adjuvant pembrolizumab treatment for stage III melanoma. METHODS: Three cost-effectiveness models developed by MSD were investigated for each treatment indication. A unique model was built to assess the overall effect of pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy or watchful waiting in patients with lung cancer or melanoma, respectively. Theoretical cohorts of patients with metastatic squamous and non-squamous NSCLC were followed over time using a partitioned survival model with weekly cycles. A weekly cycle Markov model was employed for melanoma. The analysis was conducted from the Italian National Health Service perspective, considering a time horizon of 40 years (lifetime). A single closed cohort of treatable patients was followed over time for each indication (4000, 7000 and 900 for NSCLC squamous, non-squamous and melanoma, respectively). The costs evaluated included those for adverse drug events, non-drug disease management, subsequent treatment and terminal care. Drug acquisition and administration costs were excluded. RESULTS: For each treatment indication assessed, pembrolizumab produced downstream direct cost offsets (- €122,498,568, - €133,369,076 and - €32,993,242 for NSCLC squamous, non-squamous and melanoma indications, respectively), increased quality of life (+2088, +5317 and +2307 QALYs for NSCLC squamous, non-squamous and melanoma indications, respectively) and reduced disability (- 2658, - 7202 and - 3029 DALYs for NSCLC squamous, non-squamous and melanoma indications, respectively). Across indications, the total cost offsets of pembrolizumab were - €288,860,885, with 9712 QALYs gained and 12,889 DALYs avoided. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis demonstrated that, compared with chemotherapy, pembrolizumab is more cost effective in Italy as a first-line treatment in patients with metastatic squamous or non-squamous NSCLC and, if compared with watchful waiting, as adjuvant treatment in patients with stage III melanoma. The present analysis suggested that pembrolizumab use could lead to important health benefits for patients while offsetting a portion of cancer care costs.

Estudio descriptivo de costes en melanoma cutáneo de diferentes estadios / Cost of cutaneous melanoma by tumor stage: a descriptive analysis

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: El conocimiento de los recursos utilizados en cada uno de los pasos del diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades es la base para poder optimizarlos. El melanoma cutáneo es un tipo tumoral en constante incremento, y con un importante coste asociado, por lo que se ha realizado un análisis actualizado de los costes de los procesos de su diagnóstico, terapia y seguimiento en función del estadio de la enfermedad. MÉTODOS: Se han elaborado tablas descriptivas de costes directos a partir de un modelo teórico basado en directrices nacionales e internacionales de manejo de pacientes con melanoma cutáneo dependiendo del momento de diagnóstico y evolución. Estas tablas permiten saber el coste de cada paciente individual y de todos aquellos en un mismo estadio. RESULTADOS: Los costes para un paciente en el primer ańo oscilan entre los 1.689 Euros del estadio I y los 88.268 Euros del estadio IV, las mayores diferencias se encuentran entre el estadio IA y el IB-IIA y entre el III y IV. Si comparamos los costes de los pacientes en estadio precoz con buena evolución con los de aquellos que recidivaron, las diferencias son considerables: llegan a ser de hasta 50 veces mayores en el primer ańo y 20 veces mayores en el seguimiento a 10 ańos. CONCLUSIONES: Los elevados costes del diagnóstico del melanoma cutáneo en estadio avanzado evidencian la necesidad de promocionar la prevención primaria y los programas de detección precoz. Nuestros resultados servirán como base para posteriores estudios de coste-efectividad

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The basis for optimal resource allocation is an understanding of requirements during the diagnostic and treatment phases. Costs associated with the rising incidence of cutaneous melanoma are considerable. We undertook an up-to-date analysis of the cost of diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up according to tumor stage. METHODS: We constructed descriptive tables following a theoretical model of direct costs based on amounts published in directives for the Spanish national health system and in international guidelines for managing cutaneous melanoma according to stage at diagnosis and clinical course. The tables allowed us to calculate the cost of treating individual patients as well as the expected cost for all patients with tumors in the same stage. RESULTS: Individual patients would generate costs ranging from Euros 1689 (for a stage I tumor) to Euros 88, 268 (stage IV). The largest differences were between stages IA and IB-IIA and between stages III and IV. Costs differed greatly between patients with early-stage tumors and favorable outcomes and those with recurring tumors, which cost 50-fold more in the first year and 20-fold more after 10 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The high cost of diagnosing advanced-stage cutaneous melanoma calls attention to the need to promote primary prevention and early detection. Our findings provide the knowledge base for cost-effectiveness studies in this disease

Estimativa do custo do tratamento de câncer de pele tipo melanoma no Estado de São Paulo - Brasil / An estimate of the cost of treating mlanoma disease in the state of Sao Paulo - Brazil

FUNDAMENTOS: O impacto econômico do diagnóstico e do tratamento do melanoma cutâneo não tem sido analisado no Brasil. Uma vez que crescem tanto a incidência do câncer de pele quanto a preocupação com ele, é importante que isto seja avaliado. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o custo direto de diagnosticar e tratar em seus diversos estádios o melanoma cutâneo em número de casos ocorridos no Estado de São Paulo, entre 2000 e 2007. MÉTODOS: Como modelo de procedimento, foi utilizado o projeto diretriz (Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology), editado pelo National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) e adequado aos procedimentos da Fundação SobecCan - Hospital do Câncer de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Os custos estimados se baseiam nos valores do tratamento médico pagos pelo setor público (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) e pelo setor privado (convênios) em 2007. Houve 2.740 casos diagnosticados e estadiados no Estado de São Paulo no período estudado. RESULTADOS: O custo total de tratamento dos melanomas malignos diagnosticados no estádio inicial, em valores de 2007, foi estimado em R$ 33.012.725,10 para o SUS e R$ 76.133.662,80 para os convênios.Os estádios iniciais 0, I e II da doença compreendem aproximadamente 4,2 por cento (SUS) e 1, 3 por cento (convênios) do custo total; os estádios III e IV consomem 95,8 por cento e 98,7 por cento do custo total, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados apresentados reforçam o argumento de que o diagnóstico do melanoma cutâneo em seus estádios iniciais reduz os custos de tratamento, gerando considerável economia tanto para o sistema público de saúde (SUS) quanto para o sistema privado (convênios).

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the direct cost of diagnosing and treating melanoma disease in Sao Paulo (Brazil) between the years 2000 and 2007. METHODS: The project Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology was used, adapted to the proceedings of SOBECCan Foundation. The estimated costs were based on the values of the medical treatment paid by the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) and private healthcare insurance companies (PHIC) in 2007. RESULTS: The total cost was estimated in R$33,012,725.1 (SUS) and R$76,133,662.8 (PHIC). Stages 0, I and II comprised about 4.2 percent (SUS) and 1.3 percent (PHIC) of the total cost; stages III and IV amounted to 95.8 percent and 98.7 percent of the total cost, respectively. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of malignant melanoma in its initial stages reduces treatment costs generating considerable savings of resources for both National Health System and private healthcare insurance companies.

Estudio de descripción de costes sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del melanoma cutáneo / Descriptive Study of the Costs of Diagnosis and Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma

Introducción. El gasto sanitario en España crece anualmente y con él los recursos destinados al tratamiento del cáncer. El melanoma cutáneo es el cáncer de piel que más morbimortalidad origina. Objetivos. Para conocer la parte del gasto sanitario consumido por los pacientes con melanoma cutáneo hemos realizado un estudio de descripción de costes, basado en un modelo teórico, cuyo objetivo es conocer los costes totales (directos e indirectos) y sus posibles variaciones, del proceso de diagnóstico y tratamiento del melanoma cutáneo, dividido en diferentes etapas o pasos diagnóstico-terapéuticos. Material y métodos. Para ello hemos utilizado como fuente el Programa de Control de Gestión de Hospitales andaluces COAN hyd y Módulo de Costes Totales del COAN, para el ejercicio 2007, aplicado al protocolo que seguimos en la Unidad de Melanomas de nuestro hospital. Conclusiones. Las conclusiones más relevantes son: los pacientes con melanomas más avanzados, de peor pronóstico, serán los que consuman más gasto sanitario. La dirección del proceso diagnóstico terapéutico por los dermatólogos, la utilización adecuada de las pruebas complementarias y la realización de las técnicas quirúrgicas por ellos mismos abaratan los costes (AU)

Introduction. Every year, health expenditure in Spain increases and, with it, the resources dedicated to cancer treatment. Cutaneous melanoma is the skin cancer with the highest morbidity and mortality. Objectives. We performed a descriptive study of the costs, based on a theoretical model, to determine the healthcare expenditure for patients with cutaneous melanoma; the objective was to define the overall costs (direct and indirect) of the diagnostic and treatment process of cutaneous melanoma, divided into different stages or diagnostic-therapeutic steps, and the possible variations in these costs. Material and methods. For this purpose, we used the Andalusian analytical accountancy program of hospitals and districts (COAN-hyd) and the total costs module of the COAN for 2007, applied to the protocol we use in the melanoma unit of our hospital. Conclusions. The most important conclusions were that the greatest health care expenditure was observed in patients with more advanced melanomas, with a poor prognosis. Management of the diagnostic-therapeutic process by dermatologists, the appropriate use of complementary tests, and operations performed by dermatologists reduce costs (AU)