RESUMO
Human tissue, which is inherently three-dimensional (3D), is traditionally examined through standard-of-care histopathology as limited two-dimensional (2D) cross-sections that can insufficiently represent the tissue due to sampling bias. To holistically characterize histomorphology, 3D imaging modalities have been developed, but clinical translation is hampered by complex manual evaluation and lack of computational platforms to distill clinical insights from large, high-resolution datasets. We present TriPath, a deep-learning platform for processing tissue volumes and efficiently predicting clinical outcomes based on 3D morphological features. Recurrence risk-stratification models were trained on prostate cancer specimens imaged with open-top light-sheet microscopy or microcomputed tomography. By comprehensively capturing 3D morphologies, 3D volume-based prognostication achieves superior performance to traditional 2D slice-based approaches, including clinical/histopathological baselines from six certified genitourinary pathologists. Incorporating greater tissue volume improves prognostic performance and mitigates risk prediction variability from sampling bias, further emphasizing the value of capturing larger extents of heterogeneous morphology.
Assuntos
Imageamento Tridimensional , Neoplasias da Próstata , Aprendizado de Máquina Supervisionado , Humanos , Masculino , Aprendizado Profundo , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Prognóstico , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Microtomografia por Raio-X/métodosRESUMO
Metastasis has been considered as the terminal step of tumor progression. However, recent genomic studies suggest that many metastases are initiated by further spread of other metastases. Nevertheless, the corresponding pre-clinical models are lacking, and underlying mechanisms are elusive. Using several approaches, including parabiosis and an evolving barcode system, we demonstrated that the bone microenvironment facilitates breast and prostate cancer cells to further metastasize and establish multi-organ secondary metastases. We uncovered that this metastasis-promoting effect is driven by epigenetic reprogramming that confers stem cell-like properties on cancer cells disseminated from bone lesions. Furthermore, we discovered that enhanced EZH2 activity mediates the increased stemness and metastasis capacity. The same findings also apply to single cell-derived populations, indicating mechanisms distinct from clonal selection. Taken together, our work revealed an unappreciated role of the bone microenvironment in metastasis evolution and elucidated an epigenomic reprogramming process driving terminal-stage, multi-organ metastases.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Metástase Neoplásica , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Microambiente Tumoral , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ósseas/genética , Neoplasias Ósseas/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos SCID , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
The majority of newly diagnosed prostate cancers are slow growing, with a long natural life history. Yet a subset can metastasize with lethal consequences. We reconstructed the phylogenies of 293 localized prostate tumors linked to clinical outcome data. Multiple subclones were detected in 59% of patients, and specific subclonal architectures associate with adverse clinicopathological features. Early tumor development is characterized by point mutations and deletions followed by later subclonal amplifications and changes in trinucleotide mutational signatures. Specific genes are selectively mutated prior to or following subclonal diversification, including MTOR, NKX3-1, and RB1. Patients with low-risk monoclonal tumors rarely relapse after primary therapy (7%), while those with high-risk polyclonal tumors frequently do (61%). The presence of multiple subclones in an index biopsy may be necessary, but not sufficient, for relapse of localized prostate cancer, suggesting that evolution-aware biomarkers should be studied in prospective studies of low-risk tumors suitable for active surveillance.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Gradação de Tumores , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias da Próstata/classificação , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a Retinoblastoma/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismoRESUMO
Using integrative genomic analysis of 360 metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) samples, we identified a novel subtype of prostate cancer typified by biallelic loss of CDK12 that is mutually exclusive with tumors driven by DNA repair deficiency, ETS fusions, and SPOP mutations. CDK12 loss is enriched in mCRPC relative to clinically localized disease and characterized by focal tandem duplications (FTDs) that lead to increased gene fusions and marked differential gene expression. FTDs associated with CDK12 loss result in highly recurrent gains at loci of genes involved in the cell cycle and DNA replication. CDK12 mutant cases are baseline diploid and do not exhibit DNA mutational signatures linked to defects in homologous recombination. CDK12 mutant cases are associated with elevated neoantigen burden ensuing from fusion-induced chimeric open reading frames and increased tumor T cell infiltration/clonal expansion. CDK12 inactivation thereby defines a distinct class of mCRPC that may benefit from immune checkpoint immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quimiocina CCL21/genética , Quimiocina CCL21/metabolismo , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/genética , Reparo do DNA , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Instabilidade Genômica , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/imunologia , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/patologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
The PIP3/PI3K network is a central regulator of metabolism and is frequently activated in cancer, commonly by loss of the PIP3/PI(3,4)P2 phosphatase, PTEN. Despite huge research investment, the drivers of the PI3K network in normal tissues and how they adapt to overactivation are unclear. We find that in healthy mouse prostate PI3K activity is driven by RTK/IRS signaling and constrained by pathway feedback. In the absence of PTEN, the network is dramatically remodeled. A poorly understood YXXM- and PIP3/PI(3,4)P2-binding PH domain-containing adaptor, PLEKHS1, became the dominant activator and was required to sustain PIP3, AKT phosphorylation, and growth in PTEN-null prostate. This was because PLEKHS1 evaded pathway-feedback and experienced enhanced PI3K- and Src-family kinase-dependent phosphorylation of Y258XXM, eliciting PI3K activation. hPLEKHS1 mRNA and activating Y419 phosphorylation of hSrc correlated with PI3K pathway activity in human prostate cancers. We propose that in PTEN-null cells receptor-independent, Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PLEKHS1 creates positive feedback that escapes homeostasis, drives PIP3 signaling, and supports tumor progression.
Assuntos
PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase , Neoplasias da Próstata , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Homeostase , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/genética , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/metabolismoRESUMO
There is substantial heterogeneity among primary prostate cancers, evident in the spectrum of molecular abnormalities and its variable clinical course. As part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we present a comprehensive molecular analysis of 333 primary prostate carcinomas. Our results revealed a molecular taxonomy in which 74% of these tumors fell into one of seven subtypes defined by specific gene fusions (ERG, ETV1/4, and FLI1) or mutations (SPOP, FOXA1, and IDH1). Epigenetic profiles showed substantial heterogeneity, including an IDH1 mutant subset with a methylator phenotype. Androgen receptor (AR) activity varied widely and in a subtype-specific manner, with SPOP and FOXA1 mutant tumors having the highest levels of AR-induced transcripts. 25% of the prostate cancers had a presumed actionable lesion in the PI3K or MAPK signaling pathways, and DNA repair genes were inactivated in 19%. Our analysis reveals molecular heterogeneity among primary prostate cancers, as well as potentially actionable molecular defects.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Reparo do DNA , Epigênese Genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Fusão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação , Metástase Neoplásica/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas ras/metabolismoRESUMO
The lack of in vitro prostate cancer models that recapitulate the diversity of human prostate cancer has hampered progress in understanding disease pathogenesis and therapy response. Using a 3D organoid system, we report success in long-term culture of prostate cancer from biopsy specimens and circulating tumor cells. The first seven fully characterized organoid lines recapitulate the molecular diversity of prostate cancer subtypes, including TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, SPOP mutation, SPINK1 overexpression, and CHD1 loss. Whole-exome sequencing shows a low mutational burden, consistent with genomics studies, but with mutations in FOXA1 and PIK3R1, as well as in DNA repair and chromatin modifier pathways that have been reported in advanced disease. Loss of p53 and RB tumor suppressor pathway function are the most common feature shared across the organoid lines. The methodology described here should enable the generation of a large repertoire of patient-derived prostate cancer lines amenable to genetic and pharmacologic studies.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura , Organoides , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Masculino , Metástase Neoplásica/patologia , Organoides/patologia , Farmacologia/métodos , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMO
Circulating tumor cell clusters (CTC clusters) are present in the blood of patients with cancer but their contribution to metastasis is not well defined. Using mouse models with tagged mammary tumors, we demonstrate that CTC clusters arise from oligoclonal tumor cell groupings and not from intravascular aggregation events. Although rare in the circulation compared with single CTCs, CTC clusters have 23- to 50-fold increased metastatic potential. In patients with breast cancer, single-cell resolution RNA sequencing of CTC clusters and single CTCs, matched within individual blood samples, identifies the cell junction component plakoglobin as highly differentially expressed. In mouse models, knockdown of plakoglobin abrogates CTC cluster formation and suppresses lung metastases. In breast cancer patients, both abundance of CTC clusters and high tumor plakoglobin levels denote adverse outcomes. Thus, CTC clusters are derived from multicellular groupings of primary tumor cells held together through plakoglobin-dependent intercellular adhesion, and though rare, they greatly contribute to the metastatic spread of cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Metástase Neoplásica/patologia , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patologia , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/fisiopatologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/fisiopatologia , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Análise de Célula Única , gama Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-binding transcription factors essential for mammalian physiology. The androgen receptor (AR) binds androgens mediating gene expression for sexual, somatic and behavioural functions, and is involved in various conditions including androgen insensitivity syndrome and prostate cancer1. Here we identified functional mutations in the formin and actin nucleator DAAM2 in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome. DAAM2 was enriched in the nucleus, where its localization correlated with that of the AR to form actin-dependent transcriptional droplets in response to dihydrotestosterone. DAAM2 AR droplets ranged from 0.02 to 0.06 µm3 in size and associated with active RNA polymerase II. DAAM2 polymerized actin directly at the AR to promote droplet coalescence in a highly dynamic manner, and nuclear actin polymerization is required for prostate-specific antigen expression in cancer cells. Our data uncover signal-regulated nuclear actin assembly at a steroid hormone receptor necessary for transcription.
Assuntos
Actinas , Forminas , Proteínas Nucleares , Receptores Androgênicos , Transcrição Gênica , Humanos , Actinas/metabolismo , Síndrome de Resistência a Andrógenos/genética , Síndrome de Resistência a Andrógenos/metabolismo , Androgênios/farmacologia , Androgênios/metabolismo , Forminas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Polimerização/efeitos dos fármacos , Antígeno Prostático Específico/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Esteroides/metabolismo , Esteroides/farmacologia , Testosterona/análogos & derivados , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The analysis of exonic DNA from prostate cancers has identified recurrently mutated genes, but the spectrum of genome-wide alterations has not been profiled extensively in this disease. We sequenced the genomes of 57 prostate tumors and matched normal tissues to characterize somatic alterations and to study how they accumulate during oncogenesis and progression. By modeling the genesis of genomic rearrangements, we identified abundant DNA translocations and deletions that arise in a highly interdependent manner. This phenomenon, which we term "chromoplexy," frequently accounts for the dysregulation of prostate cancer genes and appears to disrupt multiple cancer genes coordinately. Our modeling suggests that chromoplexy may induce considerable genomic derangement over relatively few events in prostate cancer and other neoplasms, supporting a model of punctuated cancer evolution. By characterizing the clonal hierarchy of genomic lesions in prostate tumors, we charted a path of oncogenic events along which chromoplexy may drive prostate carcinogenesis.
Assuntos
Aberrações Cromossômicas , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Genoma Humano , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Estudos de Coortes , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Masculino , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/genética , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologiaRESUMO
Defining the transition from benign to malignant tissue is fundamental to improving early diagnosis of cancer1. Here we use a systematic approach to study spatial genome integrity in situ and describe previously unidentified clonal relationships. We used spatially resolved transcriptomics2 to infer spatial copy number variations in >120,000 regions across multiple organs, in benign and malignant tissues. We demonstrate that genome-wide copy number variation reveals distinct clonal patterns within tumours and in nearby benign tissue using an organ-wide approach focused on the prostate. Our results suggest a model for how genomic instability arises in histologically benign tissue that may represent early events in cancer evolution. We highlight the power of capturing the molecular and spatial continuums in a tissue context and challenge the rationale for treatment paradigms, including focal therapy.
Assuntos
Células Clonais , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Instabilidade Genômica , Neoplasias , Análise Espacial , Células Clonais/metabolismo , Células Clonais/patologia , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA/genética , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Genoma Humano , Instabilidade Genômica/genética , Genômica , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patologia , Próstata/metabolismo , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) in blood plasma is an emerging tool for clinical cancer genotyping and longitudinal disease monitoring1. However, owing to past emphasis on targeted and low-resolution profiling approaches, our understanding of the distinct populations that comprise bulk ctDNA is incomplete2-12. Here we perform deep whole-genome sequencing of serial plasma and synchronous metastases in patients with aggressive prostate cancer. We comprehensively assess all classes of genomic alterations and show that ctDNA contains multiple dominant populations, the evolutionary histories of which frequently indicate whole-genome doubling and shifts in mutational processes. Although tissue and ctDNA showed concordant clonally expanded cancer driver alterations, most individual metastases contributed only a minor share of total ctDNA. By comparing serial ctDNA before and after clinical progression on potent inhibitors of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway, we reveal population restructuring converging solely on AR augmentation as the dominant genomic driver of acquired treatment resistance. Finally, we leverage nucleosome footprints in ctDNA to infer mRNA expression in synchronously biopsied metastases, including treatment-induced changes in AR transcription factor signalling activity. Our results provide insights into cancer biology and show that liquid biopsy can be used as a tool for comprehensive multi-omic discovery.
Assuntos
DNA Tumoral Circulante , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Genoma Humano , Genômica , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Mutação , Neoplasias da Próstata , Antagonistas de Receptores de Andrógenos/farmacologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , DNA Tumoral Circulante/sangue , DNA Tumoral Circulante/genética , Células Clonais/metabolismo , Células Clonais/patologia , Progressão da Doença , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Genômica/métodos , Humanos , Biópsia Líquida/métodos , Masculino , Metástase Neoplásica/genética , Metástase Neoplásica/patologia , Nucleossomos/genética , Nucleossomos/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , RNA Mensageiro/análise , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Neoplásico/análise , RNA Neoplásico/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismoRESUMO
Intratumoral heterogeneity can occur via phenotype transitions, often after chronic exposure to targeted anticancer agents. This process, termed lineage plasticity, is associated with acquired independence to an initial oncogenic driver, resulting in treatment failure. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and prostate cancers, lineage plasticity manifests when the adenocarcinoma phenotype transforms into neuroendocrine (NE) disease. The exact molecular mechanisms involved in this NE transdifferentiation remain elusive. In small cell lung cancer (SCLC), plasticity from NE to nonNE phenotypes is driven by NOTCH signaling. Herein we review current understanding of NE lineage plasticity dynamics, exemplified by prostate cancer, NSCLC, and SCLC.
Assuntos
Linhagem da Célula , Plasticidade Celular , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/patologia , Fenótipo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Masculino , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/terapia , Neoplasias da Próstata/terapiaRESUMO
TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion occurs in approximately 50% of cases of prostate cancer (PCa), and the fusion product is a key driver of prostate oncogenesis. However, how to leverage cellular signaling to ablate TMPRSS2-ERG oncoprotein for PCa treatment remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that DNA damage induces proteasomal degradation of wild-type ERG and TMPRSS2-ERG oncoprotein through ERG threonine-187 and tyrosine-190 phosphorylation mediated by GSK3ß and WEE1, respectively. The dual phosphorylation triggers ERG recognition and degradation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBW7 in a manner independent of a canonical degron. DNA damage-induced TMPRSS2-ERG degradation was abolished by cancer-associated PTEN deletion or GSK3ß inactivation. Blockade of DNA damage-induced TMPRSS2-ERG oncoprotein degradation causes chemotherapy-resistant growth of fusion-positive PCa cells in culture and in mice. Our findings uncover a previously unrecognized TMPRSS2-ERG protein destruction mechanism and demonstrate that intact PTEN and GSK3ß signaling are essential for effective targeting of ERG protein by genotoxic therapeutics in fusion-positive PCa.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Animais , Carcinogênese/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Tratamento Farmacológico , Proteína 7 com Repetições F-Box-WD/genética , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Proteólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
To determine the role of telomere dysfunction and telomerase reactivation in generating pro-oncogenic genomic events and in carcinoma progression, an inducible telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTert) allele was crossed onto a prostate cancer-prone mouse model null for Pten and p53 tumor suppressors. Constitutive telomerase deficiency and associated telomere dysfunction constrained cancer progression. In contrast, telomerase reactivation in the setting of telomere dysfunction alleviated intratumoral DNA-damage signaling and generated aggressive cancers with rearranged genomes and new tumor biological properties (bone metastases). Comparative oncogenomic analysis revealed numerous recurrent amplifications and deletions of relevance to human prostate cancer. Murine tumors show enrichment of the TGF-ß/SMAD4 network, and genetic validation studies confirmed the cooperative roles of Pten, p53, and Smad4 deficiencies in prostate cancer progression, including skeletal metastases. Thus, telomerase reactivation in tumor cells experiencing telomere dysfunction enables full malignant progression and provides a mechanism for acquisition of cancer-relevant genomic events endowing new tumor biological capabilities.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Telomerase/metabolismo , Telômero/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Instabilidade Genômica , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
Aberrant Skp2 signaling has been implicated as a driving event in tumorigenesis. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive, cytoplasmic Skp2 correlates with more aggressive forms of breast and prostate cancers. Here, we report that Skp2 is acetylated by p300 at K68 and K71, which is a process that can be antagonized by the SIRT3 deacetylase. Inactivation of SIRT3 leads to elevated Skp2 acetylation, which leads to increased Skp2 stability through impairment of the Cdh1-mediated proteolysis pathway. As a result, Skp2 oncogenic function is increased, whereby cells expressing an acetylation-mimetic mutant display enhanced cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis in vivo. Moreover, acetylation of Skp2 in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) promotes its cytoplasmic retention, and cytoplasmic Skp2 enhances cellular migration through ubiquitination and destruction of E-cadherin. Thus, our study identifies an acetylation-dependent regulatory mechanism governing Skp2 oncogenic function and provides insight into how cytoplasmic Skp2 controls cellular migration.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Movimento Celular , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Proteínas Quinases Associadas a Fase S/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição de p300-CBP/metabolismo , Acetilação , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Caderinas/metabolismo , Caseína Quinase I/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Lisina/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Sinais Direcionadores de Proteínas , Proteínas Quinases Associadas a Fase S/química , Proteínas Quinases Associadas a Fase S/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , UbiquitinaçãoRESUMO
Androgen receptor (AR) is a main driver for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). c-Myc is an oncogene underlying prostate tumorigenesis. Here, we find that the deubiquitinase USP11 targets both AR and c-Myc in prostate cancer (PCa). USP11 expression was up-regulated in metastatic PCa and CRPC. USP11 knockdown (KD) significantly inhibited PCa cell growth. Our RNA-seq studies revealed AR and c-Myc as the top transcription factors altered after USP11 KD. ChIP-seq analysis showed that either USP11 KD or replacement of endogenous USP11 with a catalytic-inactive USP11 mutant significantly decreased chromatin binding by AR and c-Myc. We find that USP11 employs two mechanisms to up-regulate AR and c-Myc levels: namely, deubiquitination of AR and c-Myc proteins to increase their stability and deubiquitination of H2A-K119Ub, a repressive histone mark, on promoters of AR and c-Myc genes to increase their transcription. AR and c-Myc reexpression in USP11-KD PCa cells partly rescued cell growth defects. Thus, our studies reveal a tumor-promoting role for USP11 in aggressive PCa through upregulation of AR and c-Myc activities and support USP11 as a potential target against PCa.
Assuntos
Progressão da Doença , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias da Próstata , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc , Receptores Androgênicos , Tioléster Hidrolases , Humanos , Masculino , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/genética , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Tioléster Hidrolases/metabolismo , Tioléster Hidrolases/genética , Ubiquitinação , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Immune checkpoint therapy has limited efficacy for patients with bone-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (bmCRPC). To improve immunotherapy for bmCRPC, we aimed to identify the mechanism of bmCRPC-induced changes in the immune microenvironment. Among bmCRPC patients, higher levels of a 32-gene M2-like macrophage signature in bone metastasis samples correlated with shorter overall survival. Immunohistochemistry showed that CD206-positive (CD206+) macrophages were enriched in bmCRPC bone biopsy specimens compared with primary tumors or lymph node metastases. In preclinical osteogenic prostate cancer (Pca) xenograft models, CD206+ macrophages were recruited to areas with tumor-induced bone. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis showed higher expression of an M2-like gene signature, with activated canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways, in tumor-associated macrophages isolated from osteogenic tumors (bone-TAMs) than in TAMs isolated from nonosteogenic tumors (ctrl-TAMs). Mechanistic studies showed that endothelial cells (ECs) that had undergone EC-to-osteoblast (EC-to-OSB) transition, the precursors of tumor-induced OSBs, produced paracrine factors, including Wnts, CXCL14, and lysyl oxidase, which induced M2 polarization and recruited M2-like TAMs to the bone-tumor microenvironment (bone-TME). Bone-TAMs suppressed CD8+ T cells' proliferation and cytolytic activity, and these effects were partially reversed by treating bone-TAMs with Wnt inhibitors. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Pca-induced EC-to-OSB transition reduced the levels of M2-like macrophages in osteogenic tumors. Our study demonstrates that Pca-induced EC-to-OSB transition drives immunosuppression in the bone-TME, suggesting that therapies that reduce Pca-induced bone formation may improve immunotherapeutic outcomes for bmCRPC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas , Células Endoteliais , Macrófagos , Osteoblastos , Microambiente Tumoral , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Masculino , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Ósseas/imunologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/metabolismo , Animais , Camundongos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/imunologia , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/imunologia , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteoblastos/imunologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/imunologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/imunologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/metabolismo , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/imunologiaRESUMO
Targeting cell surface molecules using radioligand and antibody-based therapies has yielded considerable success across cancers. However, it remains unclear how the expression of putative lineage markers, particularly cell surface molecules, varies in the process of lineage plasticity, wherein tumor cells alter their identity and acquire new oncogenic properties. A notable example of lineage plasticity is the transformation of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)-a growing resistance mechanism that results in the loss of responsiveness to androgen blockade and portends dismal patient survival. To understand how lineage markers vary across the evolution of lineage plasticity in prostate cancer, we applied single-cell analyses to 21 human prostate tumor biopsies and two genetically engineered mouse models, together with tissue microarray analysis on 131 tumor samples. Not only did we observe a higher degree of phenotypic heterogeneity in castrate-resistant PRAD and NEPC than previously anticipated but also found that the expression of molecules targeted therapeutically, namely PSMA, STEAP1, STEAP2, TROP2, CEACAM5, and DLL3, varied within a subset of gene-regulatory networks (GRNs). We also noted that NEPC and small cell lung cancer subtypes shared a set of GRNs, indicative of conserved biologic pathways that may be exploited therapeutically across tumor types. While this extreme level of transcriptional heterogeneity, particularly in cell surface marker expression, may mitigate the durability of clinical responses to current and future antigen-directed therapies, its delineation may yield signatures for patient selection in clinical trials, potentially across distinct cancer types.
Assuntos
Análise de Célula Única , Masculino , Humanos , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Animais , Camundongos , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Antígenos de Superfície/metabolismo , Antígenos de Superfície/genética , Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/genética , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/patologia , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/metabolismo , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/tratamento farmacológico , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/genética , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Genome-wide association studies along with expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping have identified hundreds of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their target genes in prostate cancer (PCa), yet functional characterization of these risk loci remains challenging. To screen for potential regulatory SNPs, we designed a CRISPRi library containing 9,133 guide RNAs (gRNAs) to cover 2,166 candidate SNP loci implicated in PCa and identified 117 SNPs that could regulate 90 genes for PCa cell growth advantage. Among these, rs60464856 was covered by multiple gRNAs significantly depleted in screening (FDR < 0.05). Pooled SNP association analysis in the PRACTICAL and FinnGen cohorts showed significantly higher PCa risk for the rs60464856 G allele (p value = 1.2 × 10-16 and 3.2 × 10-7, respectively). Subsequent eQTL analysis revealed that the G allele is associated with increased RUVBL1 expression in multiple datasets. Further CRISPRi and xCas9 base editing confirmed that the rs60464856 G allele leads to elevated RUVBL1 expression. Furthermore, SILAC-based proteomic analysis demonstrated allelic binding of cohesin subunits at the rs60464856 region, where the HiC dataset showed consistent chromatin interactions in prostate cell lines. RUVBL1 depletion inhibited PCa cell proliferation and tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Gene-set enrichment analysis suggested an association of RUVBL1 expression with cell-cycle-related pathways. Increased expression of RUVBL1 and activation of cell-cycle pathways were correlated with poor PCa survival in TCGA datasets. Our CRISPRi screening prioritized about one hundred regulatory SNPs essential for prostate cell proliferation. In combination with proteomics and functional studies, we characterized the mechanistic role of rs60464856 and RUVBL1 in PCa progression.