Obesity and Colorectal Cancer.

There is strong evidence that modifiable lifestyle factors such as obesity play a key role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic data have consistently reported a positive association between obesity and colorectal cancer. The relative risk associated with general obesity (as assessed by BMI) is higher in men than in women and for cancer of the colon than for cancer of the rectum. Abdominal obesity (as assessed by waist circumference (WC) or waist-to-hip ratio) is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in both sexes, with stronger associations for cancer of the colon than for cancer of the rectum. Plausible biological mechanisms include insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, chronic inflammation, altered levels of growth factors, adipocytokines and steroid hormones. In addition to its effect on colorectal cancer incidence, obesity may play a role in colorectal cancer recurrence, treatment outcomes and survival. Understanding the effects of childhood and adolescent obesity and weight change over the life course in relation to future risk of colorectal cancer is incomplete but essential for targeted preventive recommendations. This chapter summarizes the current evidence on the relationship between obesity and colorectal cancer and colorectal adenoma, a common precursor lesion.

Clinicopathological significance of DNA fragmentation factor 45 and thyroid transcription factor 1 expression in benign and malignant lesions of the gallbladder.

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the most aggressive tumors; we examined the expression level of DNA fragmentation factor 45 (DFF45) and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) in benign and malignant lesions of the gallbladder by immunohistochemistry. The results were correlated with clinicopathological features and prognosis. DNA fragmentation factor 45 and TTF-1 expression was significantly higher in gallbladder adenocarcinomas than in the corresponding peritumoral tissues (χ²DFF45 = 6.92, χ²TTF-1 = 8.68, ps < 0.01), polyps (χ²DFF45 = 4.49, χ²TTF-1 = 5.35, ps < 0.05), and chronic cholecystitis (χ²DFF45 = 12.98, χ²TTF-1 = 17.74, ps < 0.01). Negative expression of DFF45 and TTF-1 was significantly associated with tumor differentiation, tumor mass, lymph node metastasis and invasion of adenocarcinomas (p < 0.05). Univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that elevated expression levels of DFF45 and TTF-1 (p < 0.05) were closely associated with increased overall survival. In addition, the average survival time of patients with DFF45(+) TTF-1(+) tumors was significantly higher than those with DFF45(-) TTF-1(-) tumors (p < 0.05). Finally, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that negative expression of DFF45 and TTF-1 was an independent prognostic predictor in gallbladder adenocarcinoma (p < 0.05). The expression of DFF45 and/or TTF-1 is closely related to the carcinogenesis, progression, clinical behavior and prognosis of gallbladder adenocarcinomas. DNA fragmentation factor 45 and TTF-1 could be progression-associated genes correlating with good prognosis in GBC.

Expression levels of HMGA2 and CD9 and its clinicopathological significances in the benign and malignant lesions of the gallbladder.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate CD9 and HMGA2 expression and its clinicopathological significance in benign and malignant lesion tissues of the gallbladder. METHODS: The resected specimens of 108 cases of gallbladder adenocarcinoma, 46 cases of adjacent tissue, 15 cases of polyps and 35 cases of chronic cholecystitis were made into conventional paraffin-embedded sections, using the method of EnVision immunohistochemistry to stain HMGA2 and CD9. RESULTS: HMGA2 expression of gallbladder adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that of adenocarcinoma adjacent tissues (= 16.13, P <0.01), polyps (= 8.19, P <0.01) and chronic cholecystitis (= 21.41, P <0.01); but CD9 expression was the opposite (P <0.05 or P <0.01). The positive rate of HMGA2 expression from the cases that had well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, with the largest tumor diameter <2 cm, and without lymph node metastasis, and that did not invade the surrounding tissue was significantly lower than that of HMGA2 expression from the cases that had poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, with the largest tumor diameter ≥2 cm, lymph node metastasis, and that invaded the surrounding tissues (P <0.05 or P <0.01). The positive rate of CD9 expression from the cases that had well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, with the largest tumor diameter <2 cm, and without lymph node metastasis, and that did not invade the surrounding tissue was significantly higher than that of CD9 expression from the cases that had poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, with the largest tumor diameter ≥2 cm, lymph node metastasis, and which invaded the surrounding tissues (P <0.05 or P <0.01). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that after surgery, the survival period of HMGA2 expression-positive cases was significantly lower than that of HMGA2 expression-negative cases (P = 0.020), but the survival period of CD9 expression-positive cases was significantly higher than that of cases with CD9 expression-negative (P = 0.019). Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that the HMGA2 positive expression and/or CD9 negative expression was an important indicator reflecting the poor prognosis of gallbladder cancer. CONCLUSION: The expression of HMGA2 and/or CD9 might be closely related to the carcinogenesis, clinical biological behaviors and prognosis of gallbladder adenocarcinoma.

[A screening program for colorectal cancer in Chilean subjects aged fifty years or more]. / Programa de detección de neoplasias colorrectales en población mayor de 50 años.

BACKGROUND: Mortality from colorectal cancer (CCR) in Chile has nearly doubled over the past 15 years. International studies have shown that CCR screening programs based on fecal occult blood test (FOBT) reduce CCR mortality. AIM: To analyze the results from a CCR screening model in people over 50 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 2007 and 2009, a prospective multicenter study was performed in seven major Chilean cities. FOBT using an immunological method, was measured in asymptomatic subjects aged 50 years or more, without risk factors. In patients with a positive FOBT, with symptoms or with family risk factors, a colonoscopy was indicated. RESULTS: A total of 6348 subjects were assessed, FOBT was performed in 4938 of them, with a compliance of 77%. The result was positive in 9.6%. A total of 2359 colonoscopies were ordered, with an overall compliance of 50.1%. Of the 1184 colonoscopies performed, adenomas and high risk adenomas were found in 304 (26%) and 75 (6%) patients, respectively. Thirteen patients were diagnosed with stage I and IICCR. Three of these lesions were excised endoscopically and 10 surgically. The detection rate of polyps, high risk adenomas and cancer was 75, 12 and 2 per 1000 screened individuals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This program allowed the early detection of an important number of high risk colon lesions, and all patients with CCR were diagnosed at early stages.

The Long-Term Clinical and Endoscopic Outcomes of Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: The prognosis of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is considered poor. Despite the recent therapeutic improvements, the survival outcomes and prognostic factors have been less studied. This study aimed to investigate the long-term clinical and endoscopic outcomes of CCS. METHODS: Thirty-one patients diagnosed since 1999 and followed up for over 6 months were included. Data regarding survival outcomes, clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings, and treatment were collected and analyzed. R (version 3.6.1) was used to perform the survival analyses. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) follow-up time was 42.5 (19.5-85.8) months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 87.4%. The maximum gastric polyp size over 2 cm was associated with worse OS (Hazard ratio [HR]: 18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-210, P = 0.021). The 3-year relapse-free survival (RFS) after corticosteroid treatment was 66.8%. Age older than 60 years (HR: 7.0, 95% CI: 1.5-33.0, P = 0.015) and maximum gastric polyp size over 2 cm (HR: 6.0, 95% CI: 1.6-23.0, P = 0.009) were associated with worse RFS. Twenty-three patients received follow-up endoscopic examinations, with a median (interquartile range) follow-up time of 29.0 (14.0-53.5) months. Eight (34.8%) and 12 (52.2%) patients achieved complete remission under gastroscopy and colonoscopy, respectively. Colonic lesions showed a tendency of earlier responses compared with gastric lesions (25.0 [11.3-39.8] months vs 31.0 [21.0-39.8] months). DISCUSSION: Patients with CCS usually responded well to glucocorticoids with a fairly good 5-year survival rate. Large gastric polyp was associated with worse OS and RFS, whereas age older than 60 years was another predictor for worse RFS. Diffuse gastrointestinal lesions partly or completely resolved after treatment, and colonic lesions showed a better response than gastric lesions.

Prognostic significance of stromal GREM1 expression in colorectal cancer.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts are the dominant cell population in the cancer stroma. Gremlin 1 (GREM1), an antagonist of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway, is expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts in a variety of human cancers. However, its biological significance for cancer patients is largely unknown. We applied RNA in situ hybridization to evaluate the prognostic value of stromal GREM1 expression in a large cohort of 670 colorectal cancers (CRCs). Overall, GREM1 expression in CRCs was lower than that of the matched normal mucosa, and GREM1 expression had a strong positive correlation with BMI1 and inverse correlations with EPHB2 and OLFM4. RNA in situ hybridization localized the GREM expression to smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosa and fibroblasts around crypt bases and in the submucosal space of a normal colon. In various colon polyps, epithelial GREM1 expression was exclusively observed in traditional serrated adenomas. In total, 44% of CRCs were positive for stromal GREM1, which was associated with decreased lymphovascular invasion, a lower cancer stage, and nuclear ß-catenin staining. Stromal GREM1 was significantly associated with improved recurrence-free and overall survival, although it was not found to be an independent prognostic marker in multivariate analyses. In addition, for locally advanced stage II and III CRC, it was associated with better, stage-independent clinical outcomes. In summary, CRCs are frequently accompanied by GERM1-expressing fibroblasts, which are closely associated with low lymphovascular invasion and a better prognosis, suggesting stromal GREM1 as a potential biomarker and possible candidate for targeted therapy in the treatment of CRCs.

Squamoid morules in the pseudoinvasive foci of colonic polyp morphologically mimic invasive carcinoma.

Colorectal adenomas can show focal squamous differentiation or squamoid morules. We describe histologic findings of squamoid morules in the pseudoinvasive foci of colorectal polyps mimicking invasive carcinoma. Five colonic polyps with squamoid morules in the pseudoinvasive foci were collected. Histologic review and immunostains for cytokeratin 5/6, p63, synaptophysin, and chromogranin were performed on cases with squamoid morules. Forty-seven consecutive colorectal polyps with pseudoinvasion, none of which showed squamoid morules by histology review, and their clinicopathologic features were compared with the cases containing squamoid morules. Cases with squamoid morules more frequently occurred in younger patients (P=.047) and were located in right colon (P=.027) than those without squamoid morules. Diagnosis of the polyps included tubular/tubulovillous adenoma with low-grade (with squamoid morules, n=3; versus without squamoid morules, n=29) or high-grade dysplasia (n=2 versus n=15) and sessile serrated adenoma (none versus n=3). Squamoid morules formed nodules protruding into the lumen of glandular structures or partially replaced adenomatous glands without forming a discrete nodule. They also presented as solid nests showing a well-formed morular structure around the bottom of adenomatous glands or myxoinflammatory stroma. Importantly, squamoid morules often formed a pseudocribriform or solid nest sitting in the stroma of pseudoinvasive foci. All cases (n=4) showed cytokeratin 5/6 positivity and p63 negativity in squamoid morules. Three and 1 of 4 cases showed focal positivity for synaptophysin and chromogranin, respectively, in squamoid morules. Squamoid morules in colonic adenomatous polyps can mimic invasive carcinoma when present in the pseudoinvasive foci. Pathologists should be aware of their presence.

Inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and risk of adenoma polyp recurrence in the polyp prevention trial.

BACKGROUND: Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes may be important in the maintenance and progression of colorectal cancer. It is possible that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in inflammatory genes may play a role in chronic colonic inflammation and development of colorectal adenomas. Furthermore, common variants in cytokine genes may modify the anti-inflammatory effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the prevention of colorectal cancer. METHODS: We examined the association between cytokine gene polymorphisms and risk of recurrent adenomas among 1,723 participants in the Polyp Prevention Trial. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) for the association between genotype, NSAID use, and risk of adenoma recurrence. RESULTS: Cytokine gene polymorphisms were not statistically significantly associated with risk of adenoma recurrence in our study. We observed statistically significant interactions between NSAID use, IL-10 -1082 G>A genotype, and risk of adenoma recurrence (P = 0.01) and multiple adenoma recurrence (P = 0.01). Carriers of the IL-10 -1082 G>A variant allele who were non-NSAID users had a statistically significant decreased risk of multiple adenoma recurrence (OR, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.77) as well as a nonsignificant 30% decreased risk of any adenoma recurrence. In contrast, NSAID users who were carriers of the IL-10 -1082 G>A variant allele were at an increased risk of any adenoma recurrence (OR, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.43). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that individuals who are carriers of the IL-10 -1082 G>A variant allele may not benefit from the chemoprotective effect of NSAIDs on adenoma polyp recurrence.

Upregulation of nemo-like kinase is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer.

AIM: To investigate the expression and oncogenic role of nemo-like kinase (NLK) in colorectal cancer. METHODS: Expression of NLK protein was assessed by immunohistochemistry in tissue specimens from 56 cases of normal colorectal mucosa, 51 cases of colorectal adenoma, and 712 cases of colorectal cancer. In addition, NLK expression was knocked down using a lentivirus carrying NLK small hairpin RNA in colorectal cancer cells. Cell viability methylthiazoletetrazolium assays, colony formation assays, flow cytometry cell cycle assays, Transwell migration assays, and gene expression assays were performed to explore its role on proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer. RESULTS: Expression of NLK protein progressively increased in tissues from the normal mucosa through adenoma to various stages of colorectal cancer. Overexpression of NLK protein was associated with advanced tumor-lymph node-metastasis stages, poor differentiation, lymph node and distant metastases, and a higher recurrence rate of colorectal cancer (P < 0.05). Multivariate analyses showed that NLK expression was an independent prognostic factor to predict overall survival (hazard ratio 2.57, 95% confidence interval: 1.66-3.98; P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (hazard ratio 1.96, 95% confidence interval: 1.40-2.74: P < 0.001) of colorectal cancer patients. Furthermore, knockdown of NLK expression in colorectal cancer cell lines reduced cell viability, colony formation, and migration, and arrested tumor cells at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. At the gene level, knockdown of NLK expression inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in colorectal cancer cells. CONCLUSION: NLK overexpression is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer and knockdown of NLK expression inhibits colorectal cancer progression and metastasis.

Abnormalities in the expression of cell cycle-related proteins in tumors of the small bowel.

Tumors of the small bowel are quite rare for unknown reasons, although they resemble colorectal tumors in many respects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether abnormalities in the expression of several cell cycle control genes are of importance in small bowel tumorigenesis by comparing a series of samples of normal mucosa, adenomatous polyps, and adenocarcinomas. The levels of cyclin D1, cyclin E, p16, p21, p27, and p53 proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry in samples of normal small bowel (n = 16), small bowel adenomas (n = 20), and small bowel adenocarcinomas (n = 24). Normal small bowel mucosa expressed p27 protein, but not the other cell cycle-related proteins. About 20% of the tumors displayed a decrease in the expression of this protein. The most frequent alteration in the tumors was an increase in the p16 protein. Increased expression of p53 was associated with tumor progression because it was overexpressed in 45% of the adenomas and 65% of the adenocarcinomas (P<0.05). Advanced age and increased detection of cyclin D1 and p53 were associated with a decreased 3-year survival (P<0.05). Cell cycle abnormalities are early and important events in the multistep process of small bowel tumorigenesis, thus resembling colorectal carcinogenesis. As in colon cancer, deregulated expression of G1 proteins may perturb cell cycle control in benign adenomas of the small bowel and thereby enhance tumor progression. Increased expression of cell cycle inhibitors in tumors may serve as a defense mechanism for tumor progression.

Flat and polypoid adenocarcinomas of the colorectum: A comparative histomorphologic analysis of 47 cases.

"Flat" colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas are well documented in the Japanese literature but only sporadically reported in the English literature. The present study involved systematic morphological analysis of a large series of colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) to determine the frequency of these "flat" CRCs (FCRCs) and analyze their pathological characteristics and associated patient survival. The study group comprised 47 patients (19 females and 28 males) with primary CRC who underwent colorectal resection at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center between 1997 and 2002. These cases were selected based on the gross appearance of the tumors and after review of all of the hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor sections in a series of 190 consecutive colorectal resections for CRCs. Application of strict morphological criteria classified 22 tumors as FCRCs. For comparison, 25 "polypoid" CRCs (PCRCs) were also identified. Cases of ulcerative fungating annular CRCs and CRCs with mixed gross appearance were excluded from this analysis. Clinicopathologic data, including patient survival, were compared for FCRCS and PCRCs. Statistical analyses were carried out using the chi(2) or Fisher's exact test and log-rank tests. Overall, 22 of 190 CRCs (11%) were found to meet the morphological criteria of FCRCs. Mean patient age was 70.6 years (range, 55 to 87) for FCRCs versus 68.5 years (range, 54 to 91) for PCRCs, and mean tumor size was 4.7 cm (range, 1.6 to 9) for FCRCs versus 4.4 cm (range, 0.5 to 10) for PCRCs. None of the 22 FCRCs and only 1 of 25 (4%) PCRCs were well differentiated; 17 of 22 (77%) FCRCs and 23 of 25 (92%) PCRCs were moderately differentiated; and 5 of 22 (22%) FCRCs and 1 of 25 (4%) PCRCs were poorly differentiated (P = 0.0087). FCRC cases were staged as 0 stage T1, 3 (14%) stage T2, and 19 (86%) stage T3; PCRC cases, as 4 (16%) stage T1, 14 (56%) stage T2, and 7 (28%) stage 3 (P = 0.000031). Similarly, angiolymphatic invasion was identified in 12 of 22 (54%) FCRCs versus 4 of 25 (16%) PCRCs (P = 0.0123). Although some differences between FCRCs and PCRCs were observed on resection in terms of nodal status (N), presence of metastases (M), and perineural invasion, these differences were not statistically significant. In comparison with PCRCs, FCRCs were associated with significantly shorter postresection patient survival at 1 to 5 years (P = 0.028). We have demonstrated in this report that a proportion of primary CRCs resected at our institution were indeed "flat." Furthermore, these FCRCs exhibited higher histological grades, higher T stage, more frequent angiolymphatic invasion, and shorter patient survival compared with PCRCs. Based on these data, FCRC appears to be a worse subtype of colon cancer than PCRC. Further appraisal of FCRCs and additional studies to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying their morphogenesis are warranted.

Small-bowel tumors.

BACKGROUND: The rarity, delayed presentation, and diagnostic difficulty of small-bowel tumors prompted this study. STUDY DESIGN: Charts were reviewed retrospectively for 85 patients with 89 small-bowel tumors (22 primary malignant, 23 primary benign, and 44 metastatic) over a 10-year period (1986-1996) at Louisiana State University Medical Center-Shreveport and two affiliated hospitals in Shreveport. RESULTS: Of the primary malignant tumors, 10 carcinoids and 11 duodenal adenocarcinomas were identified. Most primary benign tumors were adenomatous or hyperplastic polyps, diagnosed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Metastatic tumors accounted for nearly 50% of all small-bowel tumors. Across all three tumor types, the most common presenting signs and symptoms were abdominal pain and nausea and vomiting. In addition, patients with benign tumors were more commonly presented with gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and those with metastatic tumors were more likely to present with obstruction. The mean interval from the onset of signs and symptoms to operation was 54 days for primary malignant tumors and 330 days for primary benign tumors. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and computed tomography of the abdomen were occasionally helpful in diagnosis. Among the 22 primary malignant tumors, curative resections were performed in 11 patients (for 9 carcinoids and 2 adenocarcinomas) and palliative resections were performed in 10 patients (for 9 adenocarcinomas and 1 myxoliposarcoma). One patient had carcinomatosis from colon cancer and an incidentally discovered ileal carcinoid; this carcinoid was not included in this group of resections for primary malignant small-bowel tumors. All operations for 39 (of 44) patients with metastatic tumors were palliative. The remaining 5 (of 44) patients had metastatic duodenal cancer (confirmed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with biopsy) and did not undergo laparotomy. Surgical complications occurred more commonly with metastatic than with primary malignant tumors. Patients with primary malignant tumors had a 5-year survival rate of 36%. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that small-bowel tumors are difficult to diagnose because of delayed presentation, nonspecific signs and symptoms, and lack of accurate diagnostic studies. If the overall survival of patients with small-bowel tumors is to be improved, clinicians must have a high index of suspicion and be willing to perform exploratory celiotomy early.

Colonoscopic surveillance after surgery for colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Intensive colonoscopic surveillance after resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been shown not to improve outcome. The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) has recently published guidelines recommending appropriate surveillance intervals after CRC resection. The aims of the present study were to assess current and past patterns of postoperative CRC surveillance and to determine the yield of neoplasia from such surveillance. METHODS: An audit was performed of all patients who underwent colonoscopy following surgical resection of CRC from 1989 to 2001. Two groups were assessed: (i) all patients undergoing surveillance colonoscopies; and (ii) all patients diagnosed with CRC at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (SCGH) who subsequently had postoperative colonoscopies. Patients who had their index colonoscopy at the study centre and who subsequently underwent surveillance colonoscopies were studied in detail. Yield for neoplasia, patterns of surveillance and concordance with NHMRC recommendations were determined. RESULTS: There were 990 surveillance examinations performed and colorectal adenomas were identified in 184. However, only one case of recurrent cancer was detected. There were a total of 161 patients who had CRC diagnosed and underwent surveillance at SCGH. Of these patients, 75% underwent colonoscopy at 12 months after resection and 48% of these cases underwent a further examination within 12 months. Only 23% of examinations concurred with NHMRC recommendations and practice has not changed with release of these guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Resectable CRC recurrences are rarely detected at colonoscopic surveillance. Surveillance colonoscopies are -performed too frequently and release of NHMRC guidelines has failed to change practice.

[Long-term results of surgical therapy of colon cancer. Results of the Colorectal Cancer Study Group]. / Langzeitergebnisse der chirurgischen Therapie des Coloncarcinoms. Ergebnisse der Studiengruppe Kolorektales Karzinom (SGKRK).

In a prospective multicentre observation study with free choice of treatment 1157 patients with solitary colonic carcinoma were entered free of selection between August 1984 and November 1986. The 5-year-survival rate for all patients was observed 45.7 +/- 3.0%, relative (age-corrected) 60.2 +/- 4.0%. Multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression analysis identified R-classification, stage, institution and timing of surgery as independent prognostic factors regarding survival. In R0 resected patients occurrence of locoregional recurrence was the strongest prognostic factor. Study data could demonstrate a substantial variability in frequency of locoregional recurrence and survival among the participating institutions. The data support the importance of application of principles of radical surgery and gives evidence for the outstanding importance of surgery for the prognosis of colonic carcinoma.

[Our experience in the transanal excision of tubulovillous adenomas of the rectum]. / Nostra esperienza in tema di escissione per via transanale degli adenomi tubulo-villosi del retto.

BACKGROUND: Personal experience on transanal excision of rectal adenomas without affecting sphincteric function is reported. METHODS: From 1985 to 1997, 27 patients suffering from rectal adenomatous polyps underwent surgery; the sites of lesions were within 3 to 10 cm from anal orifice in the whole series; the age of patients ranged from 30 to 81 years. Two different procedures were employed: the Parks' technique and the electroresection by traction flap technique according to Faivre. RESULTS: Any postsurgical complication such as hemorrhage, stenosis or incontinentia occurred; surgical mortality was absent. Histological examination disclosed severe dysplasia as well as in situ carcinoma in 6 patients (22.2%) and malignant polyps in 9 patients (33.3%). Only in a case a palliative excision was performed since the poor general conditions of this patient did not permit a more extended treatment; a local relapse of the tumour associated with liver metastases led the patient to death 22 months after surgery. Three patients were lost to follow-up and 2 patients died because of other causes, 6 and 8 years after surgical excision, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusions are is drawn that either Park's and Faivre's procedures are useful and safe for the surgical treatment of rectal villous polyps extended up to 8-12 cm from anal orifice, in spite of the presence of malignant foci within their mass. These surgical procedures are simple and relatively poor traumatic; for this reason they are more suitable than other transabdominal or abdomino-perineal approaches for older patients and other at risk-patients. It is underlined that the treated patients require a long-term follow-up aimed at the early diagnosis of possible relapses of adenomatosis.

[Differential diagnostic and prognostic criteria of precancerous processes and cancer of the large intestine]. / Differentsial'no-diagnosticheskie i prognosticheskie kriterii predrakovykh protsessov i raka tolstoi kishki.

Colon epithelial tumours from 682 patients have been analyzed. The incidence of the background processes in the mucous membrane adjacent to the tumour is established as a function of tumour progression. Transition of the mucus formation to the sialomucin synthesis in the transitional mucous membrane was observed in 1/3 of the cases. Of prognostic value for the 5-year survival were such indices as a stage of the disease according to Guttman and Dukes, tumour macroscopy, the state of regional lymph nodes and the degree of carcinoma differentiation. The data on the content of the immunocompetent cells, tissue basophils and their degranulation, eosinophils, lymphocyte plasmatization, depending on the stage of the disease are also presented.

Do antioxidants prevent colorectal cancer? A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is the first step involved in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and aging. There has been great interest in recent years in potentially health benefits of dietary and antioxidant supplements in cancer prevention. OBJECTIVES: Our primary objectives were to estimate the global effect of antioxidants on colorectal cancer incidence, adenomatous polyp recurrence, overall mortality and cancer related mortality. A secondary aim was to evaluate these effects across specific antioxidant compounds, dose and duration of antioxidant supplementation. METHODS: Using Cochrane Collaboration methodology we searched for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 1966 till May 2009 (MEDLINE, Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Registry), comparing antioxidant supplements with placebo or no intervention on the occurrence of colorectal cancer or adenoma. The results expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were obtained using random and fixed effect meta-analysis. RESULTS: Twenty RCTs, including 26 8590 participants, were eligible: 12 analyzing the colorectal cancer incidence included 25 0676 participants and 8 analyzing colorectal adenoma recurrence included 17914 participants. Antioxidant supplements had no significant effect on colorectal cancer incidence or colorectal adenoma recurrence (RR = 0. 94, 95% CI, 0.84-1.06, p = 0.32) in a random-effect meta-analysis. The antioxidant supplements had no significant effect on overall mortality (RR = 1.03, 95% CI, 0.99-1.07, p = 0.12) or cancer related mortality (RR = 1.05, 95% CI, 0.94-1.16, p = 0.38) in a random effect meta-analysis. Selenium supplementation was associated with a trend in reducing colorectal cancer incidence, (RR = 0.88, 95% CI, 0.55-1.40, p = 0.59), colorectal adenoma recurrence (RR = 0.70, 95% CI, 0.43-1.14, p = 0.16) and overall mortality (RR = 0.91, 95% CI, 0.82-1.02, p = 0.09). Beta carotene alone was associated with a slight increase in colorectal cancer incidence (RR = 1.09, 95% CI, 0.92-1.29, p = 0.34) and in combination with other antioxidants it was associated with an increase in mortality (RR = 1.05, 95% CI, 0.99-1.11, p = 0.10). For both selenium and beta carotene, the effect was not statistically significant. Vitamin C and Vitamin E combination slightly reduced colorectal cancer incidence with no effect on overall mortality. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis found no evidence in favor of a protective effect of the studied antioxidant supplements in the prevention of colorectal cancer or cancer related mortality. Only selenium supplementation might have anticarcinogenic effects and requires further research.

Loss of SIRT1 histone deacetylase expression associates with tumour progression in colorectal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The class III histone deacetylase SIRT1 is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent deacetylase, and has been reported to serve diverse roles in various biological processes, such as caloric restriction, apoptosis, neuronal protection, cell growth, differentiation and tumourigenesis. With respect to tumourigenesis, there have been conflicting data supporting whether SIRT1 act as a tumour promoter or as a tumour suppressor. METHODS: SIRT1 protein expression, determined by immunohistochemistry, was investigated in human normal colonic mucosa, adenoma, adenocarcinoma and metastatic tissue samples. RESULTS: All normal colonic mucosa showed SIRT1 expression with no exception, and 42 (80.8%) of 52 adenomatous polyps were positive for SIRT1. However, only 208 (41.9%) of 497 colorectal adenocarcinomas were positive. Moreover, 45 (35.7%) of 126 metastatic tissues were positive. Collectively, the SIRT1 expression was gradually decreased during carcinogenesis and tumour progression. The associations between SIRT1 expression and clinicopathological parameters revealed that loss of SIRT1 expression was associated with proximal tumour location, mucinous histology and defective mismatch repair protein expression. This suggests that loss of SIRT1 expression is associated with the microsatellite instability phenotype of colorectal adenocarcinoma. In survival analyses, the loss of SIRT1 expression was significantly associated with overall survival (p=0.027, log-rank test) in univariable analysis, but multivariable analysis failed to achieve significance. CONCLUSIONS: SIRT1 expression was gradually decreased during the normal-adenoma-adenocarcinoma-metastasis sequence, suggesting a possible role of SIRT1 in tumour suppression in the colorectum, and a probable link to the microsatellite instability pathway.

Expression of MK-1 and RegIV and its clinicopathological significances in the benign and malignant lesions of gallbladder.

BACKGROUND: To study the expression of MK-1 and RegIV and to detect their pathological significances in benign and malignant lesions of gallbladder. METHODS: The expression of MK-1 and RegIV was detected by immunohistochemical method in paraffin-embedded sections of surgical resected specimens from gallbladder adenocarcinoma (n = 108), peritumoral tissues (n = 46), adenomatous polyp (n = 15), and chronic cholecystitis (n = 35). RESULTS: The positive rate of MK-1 or RegIV expression was significantly higher in gallbladder adenocarcinoma than that in peritumoral tissues (χ(2)(MK-1) = 18.76, P < 0.01; χ(2)(RegIV) = 9.92, P < 0.01), denomatous polyp (χ(2)(MK-1) = 9.49, P < 0.01; χ(2)(RegIV) = 8.59, P < 0.01) and chronic cholecystitis (χ(2)MK-1 = 24.11, P < 0.01; χ(2)(RegIV) = 19.24, P < 0.01). The positive cases of MK-1 and/or RegIV in the benign lesions showed moderately- or severe-atypical hyperplasia of gallbladder epitheli. The positive rates of MK-1 were significantly higher in the cases of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, no-metastasis of lymph node, and no-invasiveness of regional tissues than those in the ones of differentiated adenocarcinoma, metastasis of lymph node, and invasiveness of regional tissues in gallbladder adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). On the contrary, the positive rates of RegIV were significantly lower in the cases of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, no-metastasis of lymph node, and no-invasiveness of regional tissues than those in the ones of differentiated adenocarcinoma, metastasis of lymph node, and invasiveness of regional tissues in gallbladder adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that decreased expression of MK-1 (P = 0.09) or increased expression of RegIV (P = 0.003) was associated with decreased overall survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that decreased expression of MK-1 (P = 0.033) and increased expression of RegIV (P = 0.008) was an independent prognostic predictor in gallbladder adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of MK-1 and/or RegIV might be closely related to the carcinogenesis, clinical biological behaviors, and prognosis of gallbladder adenocarcinoma.

Programa de detección de neoplasias colorrectales en población mayor de 50 años / A screening program for colorectal cancer in Chilean subjects aged fifty years or more

Background: Mortality from colorectal cancer (CCR) in Chile has nearly doubled over the past 15 years. International studies have shown that CCR screening programs based on fecal occult blood test (FOBT) reduce CCR mortality. Aim: To analyze the results from a CCR screening model in people over 50 years. Material and Methods: Between 2007 and 2009, a prospective multicenter study was performed in seven major Chilean cities. FOBT using an immunological method, was measured in asymptomatic subjects aged 50 years or more, without risk factors. In patients with a positive FOBT, with symptoms or with family risk factors, a colonoscopy was indicated. Results: A total of 6348 subjects were assessed, FOBT was performed in 4938 of them, with a compliance of 77%. The result was positive in 9.6%. A total of 2359 colonoscopies were ordered, with an overall compliance of 50.1%. Of the 1184 colonoscopies performed, adenomas and high risk adenomas were found in 304 (26%) and 75 (6%) patients, respectively. Thirteen patients were diagnosed with stage I and IICCR. Three of these lesions were excised endoscopically and 10 surgically. The detection rate of polyps, high risk adenomas and cancer was 75, 12 and 2 per 1000 screened individuals, respectively. Conclusions: This program allowed the early detection of an important number of high risk colon lesions, and all patients with CCR were diagnosed at early stages.