A multiscale approach to understanding the shared blue-orange flower color polymorphism in two Lysimachia species.

BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms are common in nature, but they are rarely shared among closely related species. Polymorphisms could originate through convergence, ancestral polymorphism, or introgression. Although shared neutral genomic variation across species is commonplace, few examples of shared functional traits exist. The blue-orange petal color polymorphisms in two closely related species, Lysimachia monelli and L. arvensis were investigated with UV-vis reflectance spectra, flavonoid biochemistry, and transcriptome comparisons followed by climate niche analysis. RESULTS: Similar color morphs between species have nearly identical reflectance spectra, flavonoid biochemistry, and ABP gene expression patterns. Transcriptome comparisons reveal two orange-specific genes directly involved in both blue-orange color polymorphisms: DFR-2 specificity redirects flux from the malvidin to the pelargonidin while BZ1-2 stabilizes the pelargonidin with glucose, producing the orange pelargonidin 3-glucoside. Moreover, a reduction of F3'5'H expression in orange petals also favors pelargonidin production. The climate niches for each color morph are the same between the two species for three temperature characteristics but differ for four precipitation variables. CONCLUSIONS: The similarities in reflectance spectra, biochemistry, and ABP genes suggest that a single shift from blue-to-orange shared by both lineages is the most plausible explanation. Our evidence suggests that this persistent flower color polymorphism may represent an ancestrally polymorphic trait that has transcended speciation, yet future analyses are necessary to confidently reject the alternative hypotheses.

Pervasive Introgression During Rapid Diversification of the European Mountain Genus Soldanella (L.) (Primulaceae).

Hybridization is a key mechanism involved in lineage diversification and speciation, especially in ecosystems that experienced repeated environmental oscillations. Recently radiated plant groups, which have evolved in mountain ecosystems impacted by historical climate change provide an excellent model system for studying the impact of gene flow on speciation. We combined organellar (whole-plastome) and nuclear genomic data (RAD-seq) with a cytogenetic approach (rDNA FISH) to investigate the effects of hybridization and introgression on evolution and speciation in the genus Soldanella (snowbells, Primulaceae). Pervasive introgression has already occurred among ancestral lineages of snowbells and has persisted throughout the entire evolutionary history of the genus, regardless of the ecology, cytotype, or distribution range size of the affected species. The highest extent of introgression has been detected in the Carpathian species, which is also reflected in their extensive karyotype variation. Introgression occurred even between species with dysploid and euploid cytotypes, which were considered to be reproductively isolated. The magnitude of introgression detected in snowbells is unprecedented in other mountain genera of the European Alpine System investigated hitherto. Our study stresses the prominent evolutionary role of hybridization in facilitating speciation and diversification on the one hand, but also enriching previously isolated genetic pools. [chloroplast capture; diversification; dysploidy; European Alpine system; introgression; nuclear-cytoplasmic discordance; ribosomal DNA.].

Oleanane-type saponins from Lysimachia laxa Baudo and their antibacterial activities.

Seven new oleanane-type triterpene saponins, lysimaponins A-G, were isolated from aerial parts of Lysimachia laxa Baudo. Their chemical structures have been elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic and chemical methods. All compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial effects against Microcystis aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. vulinificus, V. cholerae, and V. alginolyticus. All compounds showed potent antibacterial activities against the cyanobacteria M. aeruginosa with IC50 values ranging from 14.4 ± 1.2 to 35.3 ± 2.2 µg/mL. Compounds 1, 2, 4-7 inhibited V. parahaemolyticus with MIC values ranging from 64 to 256 µg/mL. The results suggested that saponins from L. laxa could be potential anti-cyanobacteria agents.

[Anti-tumor mechanism of total saponins of Paridis Rhizoma on inducing ferroptosis of breast cancer MCF-7 cells].

This study aims to investigate the mechanism of total saponins of Paridis Rhizoma in inducing the ferroptosis of MCF-7 cells and provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of breast cancer with total saponins of Paridis Rhizoma. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay was employed to examine the effects of different concentrations of total saponins of Paridis Rhizoma on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. A phase contrast inverted microscope was used to observe the morphological changes of MCF-7 cells. The colony formation assay was employed to test the colony formation of MCF-7 cells. The lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release test was conducted to determine the cell membrane integrity of MCF-7 cells. The cell scratch assay was employed to examine the migration of MCF-7 cells. After that, the level of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in MCF-7 cells was observed by an inverted fluorescence microscope, and the content of Fe~(2+) in MCF-7 cells was detected by the corresponding kit. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the mitochondrial ultrastructure of MCF-7 cells. Western blot was employed to determine the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins, such as p53, solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11), glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4), acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4(ACSL4), and transferrin receptor protein 1(TFR1) in MCF-7 cells. The results showed that 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, and 9 µg·mL~(-1) total saponins of Paridis Rhizoma significantly inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, with the IC_(50) of 4.12 µg·mL~(-1). Total saponins of Paridis Rhizoma significantly damaged the morphology of MCF-7 cells, leading to the formation of vacuoles and the gradual shrinkage and detachment of cells. Meanwhile, total saponins of Paridis Rhizoma inhibited the colony formation of MCF-7 cells, destroyed the cell membrane(leading to the release of LDH), and shortened the migration distance of MCF-7 cells. Total saponins of Paridis Rhizoma treatment significantly increased the content of ROS, induced oxidative damage, and led to the accumulation of Fe~(2+) in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, total saponins of Paridis Rhizoma changed the mitochondrial structure, increased the mitochondrial membrane density, led to the decrease or even disappear of ridges, promoted the expression of p53 protein, down-regulated the expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4, and up-regulated the expression of ACSL4 and TFR1. In summary, total saponins of Paridis Rhizoma can significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of MCF-7 cells and destroy the cell structure by inducing ferroptosis.

Plastome evolution and phylogenomic insights into the evolution of Lysimachia (Primulaceae: Myrsinoideae).

BACKGROUND: Lysimachia L., the second largest genus within the subfamily Myrsinoideae of Primulaceae, comprises approximately 250 species worldwide. China is the species diversity center of Lysimachia, containing approximately 150 species. Despite advances in the backbone phylogeny of Lysimachia, species-level relationships remain poorly understood due to limited genomic information. This study analyzed 50 complete plastomes for 46 Lysimachia species. We aimed to identify the plastome structure features and hypervariable loci of Lysimachia. Additionally, the phylogenetic relationships and phylogenetic conflict signals in Lysimachia were examined. RESULTS: These fifty plastomes within Lysimachia had the typical quadripartite structure, with lengths varying from 152,691 to 155,784 bp. Plastome size was positively correlated with IR and intron length. Thirteen highly variable regions in Lysimachia plastomes were identified. Additionally, ndhB, petB and ycf2 were found to be under positive selection. Plastid ML trees and species tree strongly supported that L. maritima as sister to subg. Palladia + subg. Lysimachia (Christinae clade), while the nrDNA ML tree clearly placed L. maritima and subg. Palladia as a sister group. CONCLUSIONS: The structures of these plastomes of Lysimachia were generally conserved, but potential plastid markers and signatures of positive selection were detected. These genomic data provided new insights into the interspecific relationships of Lysimachia, including the cytonuclear discordance of the position of L. maritima, which may be the result of ghost introgression in the past. Our findings have established a basis for further exploration of the taxonomy, phylogeny and evolutionary history within Lysimachia.

The phylogeny and global biogeography of Primulaceae based on high-throughput DNA sequence data.

The angiosperm family Primulaceae is morphologically diverse and distributed nearly worldwide. However, phylogenetic uncertainty has obstructed the identification of major morphological and biogeographic transitions within the clade. We used target capture sequencing with the Angiosperms353 probes, taxon-sampling encompassing nearly all genera of the family, tree-based sequence curation, and multiple phylogenetic approaches to investigate the major clades of Primulaceae and their relationship to other Ericales. We generated dated phylogenetic trees and conducted broad-scale biogeographic analyses as well as stochastic character mapping of growth habit. We show that Ardisia, a pantropical genus and the largest in the family, is not monophyletic, with at least 19 smaller genera nested within it. Neotropical members of Ardisia and several smaller genera form a clade, an ancestor of which arrived in the Neotropics and began diversifying about 20 Ma. This Neotropical clade is most closely related to Elingamita and Tapeinosperma, which are most diverse on islands of the Pacific. Both Androsace and Primula are non-monophyletic by the inclusion of smaller genera. Ancestral state reconstructions revealed that there have either been parallel transitions to an herbaceous habit in Primuloideae, Samolus, and at least three lineages of Myrsinoideae, or a common ancestor of nearly all Primulaceae was herbaceous. Our results provide a robust estimate of phylogenetic relationships across Primulaceae and show that a revised classification of Myrsinoideae and several other clades within the family is necessary to render all genera monophyletic.

Population subdivision promoted by a sea-level-change-driven bottleneck: A glimpse from the evolutionary history of the mangrove plant Aegiceras corniculatum.

Historic climate changes drive geographical populations of coastal plants to contract and recover dynamically, even die out completely. Species suffering from such bottlenecks usually lose intraspecific genetic diversity, but how do these events influence population subdivision patterns of coastal plants? Here, we investigated this question in the typical coastal plant: mangrove species Aegiceras corniculatum. Inhabiting the intertidal zone of the tropical and subtropical coast of the Indo-West Pacific oceans, its populations are deemed to be greatly shaped by historic sea-level fluctuations. Using dual methods of Sanger and Illumina sequencing, we found that the 18 sampled populations were structured into two groups, namely, the "Indo-Malayan" group, comprising three subgroups (the northern South China Sea, Gulf of Bengal, and Bali), and the "Pan-Australasia" group, comprising the subgroups of the southern South China Sea and Australasia. Based on the approximate Bayesian computations and Stairway Plot, we inferred that the southern South China Sea subgroup, which penetrates the interior of the "Indo-Malayan" group, originated from the Australasia subgroup, accompanied by a severe bottleneck event, with a spot of gene flow from both the Australasia and "Indo-Malayan" groups. Geographical barriers such as the Sundaland underlie the genetic break between Indian and Pacific Oceans, but the discontinuity between southern and northern South China Sea was originated from genetic drift in the bottleneck event. Hence, we revealed a case evidencing that the bottleneck event promoted population subdivision. This conclusion may be applicable in other taxa beyond coastal plants.

Hephaestia mangrovi sp. nov., a novel endophytic bacterium isolated from Aegiceras corniculatum.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated CMS5P-6T, was isolated from a surface-sterilized bark of Aegiceras corniculatum collected from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, PR China, and investigated by a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. Strain CMS5P-6T was found to grow optimally with 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl, at 30 °C and pH 6.0-7.0. Substrate mycelia and aerial mycelia were not formed, and no diffusible pigments were observed on the media tested. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain CMS5P-6T showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.7 % to Hephaestia caeni DSM 25527T and Sphingomonas colocasiea CC-MHH0539T. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity values between strain CMS5P-6T and H. caeni DSM 25527T were 78.0, 21.7 and 70.8 %, respectively. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity values between strain CMS5P-6T and S. colocasiea JCM 31229T were 74.0, 19.9 and 61.4 %, respectively. Phylogenomic analyses based on genome sequences showed that strain CMS5P-6T and H. caeni DSM 25527T formed a distinct cluster within the family Sphingomonadaceae and far away from S. colocasiea JCM 31229T. The DNA G+C content of strain CMS5P-6T was determined to be 65.6 mol%. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and ubiquinone Q-10 was identified as the respiratory lipoquinone. The polar lipids were found to comprise diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid and two unidentified aminolipids, and the major fatty acids were identified as C18 : 1 ω7c, C19 : 0 cycloω8c and C16 : 0. On the basis of phylogenetic, genomic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain CMS5P-6T can be concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Hephaestia, for which the name Hephaestia mangrovi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CMS5P-6T (=JCM 33125T=CGMCC 1.13868T).

In Vitro Screening for Anti-Acetylcholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities of Hottonia palustris L. Extracts and Their Unusual Flavonoids.

Hottonia palustris L. is from the genus Hottonia (Primulaceae), and the understanding of its phytochemical and pharmacological properties is limited. In this study, the use of chromatographic techniques led to the isolation of a further eleven compounds, including three new flavonoids: 2',5-dihydroxyflavone 2'-O-ß-glucopyranoside, 5,6-dihydroxyflavone 6-O-(6"-O-glucopyranosyl)-ß-glucopyranoside (hottonioside A), and 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone 7-O-(2"-O-ß-glucuronide)-ß-glucopyranoside. Their structures were determined using extensive 1D and 2D NMR data and mass spectrometry (HRMS). The qualitative assessment of the chemical composition of the investigated extracts and fractions was performed using the LC-HRMS technique. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of extracts, fractions, and compounds and their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase were also evaluated. Thus, we may conclude that the observed biological effects are the result of the presence of many biologically active compounds, of which dibenzoylmethane is the most active. Therefore, H. palustris is a source of substances with desirable properties in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Microscopy and chemical analyses reveal flavone-based woolly fibres extrude from micron-sized holes in glandular trichomes of Dionysia tapetodes.

BACKGROUND: Dionysia tapetodes, a small cushion-forming mountainous evergreen in the Primulaceae, possesses a vast surface-covering of long silky fibres forming the characteristic "woolly" farina. This contrasts with some related Primula which instead form a fine powder. Farina is formed by specialized cellular factories, a type of glandular trichome, but the precise composition of the fibres and how it exits the cell is poorly understood. Here, using a combination of cell biology (electron and light microscopy) and analytical chemical techniques, we present the principal chemical components of the wool and its mechanism of exit from the glandular trichome. RESULTS: We show the woolly farina consists of micron-diameter fibres formed from a mixture of flavone and substituted flavone derivatives. This contrasts with the powdery farina, consisting almost entirely of flavone. The woolly farina in D. tapetodes is extruded through specific sites at the surface of the trichome's glandular head cell, characterised by a small complete gap in the plasma membrane, cell wall and cuticle and forming a tight seal between the fibre and hole. The data is consistent with formation and thread elongation occurring from within the cell. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the composition of the D. tapetodes farina dictates its formation as wool rather than powder, consistent with a model of thread integrity relying on intermolecular H-bonding. Glandular trichomes produce multiple wool fibres by concentrating and maintaining their extrusion at specific sites at the cell cortex of the head cell. As the wool is extensive across the plant, there may be associated selection pressures attributed to living at high altitudes.

Identification, characterization and expression analysis of lineage-specific genes within mangrove species Aegiceras corniculatum.

Lineage-specific genes (LSGs) are the genes that have no recognizable homology to any sequences in other species, which are important drivers for the generation of new functions, phenotypic changes, and facilitating species adaptation to environment. Aegiceras corniculatum is one of major mangrove plant species adapted to waterlogging and saline conditions, and the exploration of aegiceras-specific genes (ASGs) is important to reveal its adaptation to the harsh environment. Here, we performed a systematic analysis on ASGs, focusing on their sequence characterization, origination and expression patterns. Our results reveal that there are 4823 ASGs in the genome, approximately 11.84% of all protein-coding genes. High proportion (45.78%) of ASGs originate from gene duplication, and the time of gene duplication of ASGs is consistent with the timing of two genome-wide replication (WGD) events that occurred in A. corniculatum, and also coincides with a short period of global warming during the Paleocene-Eocene Maximum (PETM, 55.5 million years ago). Gene structure analysis showed that ASGs have shorter protein lengths, fewer exons, and higher isoelectric point. Expression patterns analysis showed that ASGs had low levels of expression and more tissue-specific expression. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that 86 ASGs co-expressed gene modules were primarily involved in pathways related to adversity stress, including plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, peroxisome and pentose phosphate pathway. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and potential functions of ASGs and identifies key candidate genes, which will contribute to the subsequent further investigation of the adaptation of A. corniculatum to intertidal coastal wetland habitats.

Phylogeographic pattern of a cryptoviviparous mangrove, Aegiceras corniculatum, in the Indo-West Pacific, provides insights for conservation actions.

MAIN CONCLUSION: This study identified the historical geoclimatic factors which caused low genetic diversity and strong phylogeographic structure in a cryptoviviparous mangrove. The phylogeographic pattern was used to suggest conservation actions. Phylogeographic studies are used to understand the spatial distribution and evolution of genetic diversity, and have major conservation implications, especially for threatened taxa like the mangroves. This study aimed to assess the phylogeographic pattern of Aegiceras corniculatum, a cryptoviviparous mangrove, across its distribution range in the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) region. We genotyped 398 samples, collected from 37 populations, at four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) loci, and identified the influence of historical processes on the contemporary population structure of the species. Low genetic diversity at the population level was observed. The evolutionary relationship between 12 cpDNA haplotypes suggested a strong phylogeographic structure, which was further validated by the clustering algorithms and proportioning of maximum variation among hierarchical population groups. The magnitude and direction of historical gene flow indicated that the species attained its wide distribution from its likely ancestral area of the Malay Archipelago. The divergence time estimates of the haplotypes indicated that the geoclimatic changes during the Pleistocene, especially the glacial sea-level changes and emergence of landmasses, hindered genetic exchange and created genetic differentiation between the phylogenetic groups. The species overwintered the last glacial maxima in multiple refugia in the IWP, as identified by the environmental niche modelling. Overall, our findings indicated that ancient glacial vicariance had influenced the present genetic composition of A. corniculatum, which was maintained by the current demographic features of this region. We discussed how these findings can be used to prioritize areas for conservation actions, restore disturbed habitats and prevent further genetic erosion.

Genomic insights into molecular adaptation to intertidal environments in the mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum.

Mangroves have colonised extreme intertidal environments characterised by high salinity, hypoxia and other abiotic stresses. Aegiceras corniculatum, a pioneer mangrove species that has evolved two specialised adaptive traits (salt secretion and crypto-vivipary) is an attractive ecological model to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation to intertidal environments. We assembled de novo a high-quality reference genome of A. corniculatum and performed comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation to intertidal environments. We provide evidence that A. corniculatum experienced a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event c. 35 Ma. We infer that maintenance of cellular environmental homeostasis is an important adaptive process in A. corniculatum. The 14-3-3 and H+ -ATPase protein-coding genes, essential for the salt homeostasis, were preferentially retained after the recent WGD event. Using comparative transcriptomics, we show that genes upregulated under high-salt conditions are involved in salt transport and ROS scavenging. We also found that all homologues of DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) had lost their heme-binding ability in A. corniculatum, and that this may contribute to crypto-vivipary. Our study provides insight into the genomic correlates of phenotypic adaptation to intertidal environments. This could contribute not only within the genomics community, but also to the field of plant evolution.

Pseudooceanicola endophyticus sp. nov., a novel endophytic bacterium isolated from bark Aegiceras corniculatum.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short-rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CBS1P-1T, was isolated from a surface-sterilized bark of Aegiceras corniculatum. Growth of strain CBS1P-1T was observed with between 0 and 12.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimally with 5.0 %) and at between pH 6.0-9.0. It grew at temperatures between 25-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C). Chemotaxonomic analysis showed that ubiquinone-10 was the respiratory quinone. The lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified aminolipid. The major fatty acids of strain CBS1P-1T were C18 : 1 ω7c, C16 : 0 and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CBS1P-1T was most related to Pseudooceanicola antarcticus CGMCC 1.12662T with a sequence similarity of 96.5 %. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CBS1P-1T and P. antarcticus 1.12662T were 77.5 and 21.1 %, respectively. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 67.3 mol%. Based on phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain CBS1P-1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pseudooceanicola, for which the name Pseudooceanicola endophyticus is proposed. The type strain is CBS1P-1T (=KCTC 62836T=CGMCC 1.13743T).

The subgroup of 2'-hydroxy-flavonoids: Molecular diversity, mechanism of action, and anticancer properties.

Flavonoids are abundant in nature, structurally very diversified and largely investigated. However, the subgroup of 2'-hydroxyflavonoids is much less known and not frequently studied. The present review identifies the major naturally-occurring and synthetic 2'-hydroxyflavonoid derivatives and discusses their structural characteristics and biological properties, with a focus on anticancer activities. The pharmacological properties of 2'-hydroxyflavone (2'-HF) and 2'-hydroxyflavanone (2'-HFa) are detailed. Upon binding to the Ral-interacting protein Rlip implicated in the transport of glutathione conjugates, 2'-HFa inhibits tumor cell proliferation and restrict tumor growth, in particular in breast cancer models. Among the synthetic derivatives, the characteristics of the anticancer product 2D08 (2',3',4'-trihydroxy flavone) are detailed to shed light on the molecular mechanism of action of this compound, as a regulator of protein SUMOylation. Inhibition of protein SUMOylation by 2D08 blocks cancer cell migration and invasion, and the compound greatly enhances the anticancer effects of conventional cytotoxic drugs like etoposide. The structural role of the 2'-hydroxyl group on the phenyl C-ring of the flavonoid is discussed, notably the capacity to engage intramolecular H-bonding interactions with the O1 atom on the B-ring of the chromone unit (or the oxygen of a 3-OH group when it is presents). The 2'-hydroxyl group of flavonoid appears as a regulator of the conformational freedom between the bicyclic A-B unit and the appended phenyl C-ring, favoring the planarity of the molecule. It is an essential group accounting for the biological properties of 2'-HF, 2'-HFa and structurally related compounds. This review shed light on 2'-hydroxyflavonoids to encourage their use and chemical development.

Ectobacillus aegiceratis sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from branch of Aegiceras corniculatum.

A Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, endospore-forming, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium was isolated from surface-sterilized branch of Aegiceras corniculatum in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. The isolate, designated strain 165T, grew at 20-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6.0-7.0 (optimum, 6.0) and with 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %). The major respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0. On the basis of 16 S rRNA gene sequence and multiple genes of conserved core proteins analysis, strain 165T was a member of the genus Ectobacillus. Its closest phylogenetic neighbor was Ectobacillus panaciterrae Gsoil 1517T, with sequence similarity of 97.1 %. The average nucleotide identity value between strain 165T and type strain of Ectobacillus panaciterrae was 73.0 %. The estimated DDH value between strain 165T and type strain of Ectobacillus panaciterrae was 19.7 %. The genome of strain 165T was 3, 545, 051 bp long with a DNA G + C content of 38.2 % and encodes 3459 predicted proteins, 25 rRNAs, 87 tRNAs and 5 ncRNA. The genome of strain 165T comprised gene clusters of type 3 PKS, terpene, betalactone and lanthipeptide-class-ii for secondary metabolites. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses supported the strain 165T as a representative of a novel species of the genus Ectobacillus, for which the name Ectobacillus aegiceratis sp. nov. is proposed, with strain 165T (= JCM 33,414T = CGMCC 1.13742T) as the type strain.

The active ingredients analysis of Herba Lysimachiae treating osteoarthritis based on the LC-MS/MS technology and public bioinformatics platforms.

Herba Lysimachiae inhibits synovial damage in osteoarthritis via regulating two bio labels (integrin alpha 2b/beta 3). However, the relevant active ingredients are still unknown. Here, the active ingredients of herbal medicines were analyzed based on the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology and public bioinformatics platforms. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology was used for compound analysis, and public databases (PubChem BioAssay and STRING) were applied to establish the links between herbal compounds and both bio labels, and identify which herbal compounds may regulate these bio labels. Subsequently, the osteoarthritis model was used to confirm the results. Totally, ninety compounds in Herba Lysimachiae were identified based on the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology. Bioinformatics analysis showed that five compounds (myricetin, fisetin, esculetin, 7-hydroxycoumarin-4-acetic acid, and caffeic acid) may synergistically regulate bio labels through 11 targets, which may be the active ingredients of Herba Lysimachiae for osteoarthritis treatment. In the verification experiments, five compounds markedly suppressed the overexpression of bio labels in the synovium of the osteoarthritis model. In conclusion, the present study effectively and rapidly analyzed the active ingredients of Herba Lysimachiae for osteoarthritis treatment.

Pararhizobium mangrovi sp. nov., Isolated From Aegiceras corniculatum Stem.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile, short rod-shaped bacterium designated BGMRC 6574T was isolated from stems of Aegiceras corniculatum collected from Hainan province, China. The strain grew at 25-37 °C (optimal at 28 °C), pH 5.0-10.0 (pH 7.0), and 3-8% (w/v) NaCl (3%). Based on the 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, the strain was closely related to Pararhizobium haloflavum MCCC 1K03228T (96.45% sequence similarity). The novel strain showed an average nucleotide identity value and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization of 72.62 and 27.1%, respectively, to P. haloflavum MCCC 1K03228T based on draft genome sequences. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64.7 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The strain possessed genes putatively encoding choline uptake and conversion to betaine gene clusters. The extract significantly delayed the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans compared to the control (P < 0.05). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, seven unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified ninhydrin-positive phospholipids, and two unidentified lipids. The major cellular fatty acid was C19:0 cyclo ω8c. The results of a polyphasic taxonomic study showed that strain BGMRC 6574T represents a new species of the genus Pararhizobium, and it was named Pararhizobium mangrovi sp. nov. The type strain is BGMRC 6574T (=KCTC 72636T = CGMCC 1.16783).

Astragalin mediates the pharmacological effects of Lysimachia candida Lindl on adipogenesis via downregulating PPARG and FKBP51 signaling cascade.

Metabolic disturbances in different tissue cells and obesity are caused by excessive calorie intake, and medicinal plants are potential sources of phytochemicals for combating these health problems. This study investigated the role of methanolic extract of the folklore medicinal plant Lysimachia candida (LCM) and its phytochemical, astragalin, in managing obesity in vivo and in vitro. Administration of LCM (200 mg/kg/body weight) daily for 140 days significantly decreased both the body weight gain (15.66%) and blood triglyceride and free fatty acid levels in high-fat-diet-fed male Wistar rats but caused no substantial change in leptin and adiponectin levels. The protein expression of adipogenic transcription factors in visceral adipose tissue was significantly reduced. Further, the 3T3-L1 cell-based assay revealed that the butanol fraction of LCM and its isolated compound, astragalin, exhibited antiadipogenic activity through downregulating adipogenic transcription factors and regulatory proteins. Molecular docking studies were performed to depict the possible binding patterns of astragalin to adipogenesis proteins. Overall, we show the potential antiobesity effects of L. candida and its bioactive compound, astragalin, and suggest clinical studies with LCM and astragalin.

Evaluation of Wound-Healing and Antioxidant Effects of Marantodes pumilum (Blume) Kuntze in an Excision Wound Model.

Marantodes pumilum (MP) is a great source of herbal medicine used traditionally by both men and women for various purposes. MP may have potential wound-healing effects due to its diverse biological properties. An extensive study was conducted in a normal male rat model for determining the effects of MP var. pumila (MPvp) and var. alata (MPva) on the wound healing process. Here, 126 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into seven groups as follows: sham-operated (SH), vehicle dressing (VD), flavine dressing (FD), MPvp leaves (PL), MPvp roots (PR), MPva leaves (AL), and MPva roots (AR). The parameters studied were the percentage of wound contraction, histomorphology study by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson-Goldner trichrome (MGT), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. In addition, the levels of enzymatic antioxidants and malondialdehyde were also measured in the wound tissue homogenates. Wounds treated with extracts (PL, PR, AL, and AR) showed significantly faster healing (p < 0.05) compared to untreated and control groups (SH, VD, and FD). Histological analysis among MP-treated groups revealed better re-epithelialization, higher collagen deposition, enhanced fibronectin content and fibroblast cells, and higher fiber transformation from collagen-III to collagen-I, accompanied with a significant surge in enzymatic antioxidant activities and a decline in lipid peroxidation. MP has antioxidant effects that may enhance wound healing in the rat model.