RESUMO
Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes predispose afflicted individuals to breast, ovarian, and other cancers. The BRCA-encoded products form complexes with other tumor suppressor proteins and with the recombinase enzyme RAD51 to mediate chromosome damage repair by homologous recombination and also to protect stressed DNA replication forks against spurious nucleolytic attrition. Understanding how the BRCA tumor suppressor network executes its biological functions would provide the foundation for developing targeted cancer therapeutics, but progress in this area has been greatly hampered by the challenge of obtaining purified BRCA complexes for mechanistic studies. In this article, we review how recent effort begins to overcome this technical challenge, leading to functional and structural insights into the biochemical attributes of these complexes and the multifaceted roles that they fulfill in genome maintenance. We also highlight the major mechanistic questions that remain.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1/genética , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Proteína BRCA1/química , Proteína BRCA1/metabolismo , Proteína BRCA2/química , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , DNA/química , DNA/genética , DNA/metabolismo , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Replicação do DNA , Feminino , Genoma Humano , Instabilidade Genômica , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Rad51 Recombinase/química , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/química , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/química , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismoRESUMO
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Lim et al.1 reveal new insights into the distinct roles of BRCA2 in coping with DNA breaks, highlighting homologous recombination as the pivotal function that affects tumorigenesis and therapy response.
Assuntos
Replicação do DNA , Rad51 Recombinase , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , Quebras de DNA , Reparo do DNA , Recombinação Homóloga/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Humanos , Animais , CamundongosRESUMO
Tumor suppressor BRCA2 functions in homology-directed repair (HDR), the protection of stalled replication forks, and the suppression of replicative gaps, but their relative contributions to genome integrity and chemotherapy response are under scrutiny. Here, we report that mouse and human cells require a RAD51 filament stabilization motif in BRCA2 for fork protection and gap suppression but not HDR. In mice, the loss of fork protection/gap suppression does not compromise genome stability or shorten tumor latency. By contrast, HDR deficiency increases spontaneous and replication stress-induced chromosome aberrations and tumor predisposition. Unlike with HDR, fork protection/gap suppression defects are also observed in Brca2 heterozygous cells, likely due to reduced RAD51 stabilization at stalled forks/gaps. Gaps arise from PRIMPOL activity, which is associated with 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine sensitivity due to the formation of SMUG1-generated abasic sites and is exacerbated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. However, HDR proficiency has the major role in mitigating sensitivity to chemotherapeutics, including PARP inhibitors.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA2 , Replicação do DNA , Rad51 Recombinase , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , Reparo do DNA , Instabilidade Genômica , Genômica , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Reparo de DNA por RecombinaçãoRESUMO
Centromeres are essential for chromosome segregation in most animals and plants yet are among the most rapidly evolving genome elements. The mechanisms underlying this paradoxical phenomenon remain enigmatic. Here, we report that human centromeres innately harbor a striking enrichment of DNA breaks within functionally active centromere regions. Establishing a single-cell imaging strategy that enables comparative assessment of DNA breaks at repetitive regions, we show that centromeric DNA breaks are induced not only during active cellular proliferation but also de novo during quiescence. Markedly, centromere DNA breaks in quiescent cells are resolved enzymatically by the evolutionarily conserved RAD51 recombinase, which in turn safeguards the specification of functional centromeres. This study highlights the innate fragility of centromeres, which may have been co-opted over time to reinforce centromere specification while driving rapid evolution. The findings also provide insights into how fragile centromeres are likely to contribute to human disease.
Assuntos
Centrômero , DNA , Animais , Humanos , Centrômero/genética , Centrômero/metabolismo , Proteína Centromérica A , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Recombinação GenéticaRESUMO
Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks, perturbed replication forks (RFs), and post-replicative single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps. To initiate HR, the recombination mediator and tumor suppressor protein BRCA2 facilitates nucleation of RAD51 on ssDNA prior to stimulation of RAD51 filament growth by RAD51 paralogs. Although ssDNA binding by BRCA2 has been implicated in RAD51 nucleation, the function of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding by BRCA2 remains unclear. Here, we exploit single-molecule (SM) imaging to visualize BRCA2-mediated RAD51 nucleation in real time using purified proteins. We report that BRCA2 nucleates and stabilizes RAD51 on ssDNA either directly or through an unappreciated diffusion-assisted delivery mechanism involving binding to and sliding along dsDNA, which requires the cooperative action of multiple dsDNA-binding modules in BRCA2. Collectively, our work reveals two distinct mechanisms of BRCA2-dependent RAD51 loading onto ssDNA, which we propose are critical for its diverse functions in maintaining genome stability and cancer suppression.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA2 , Rad51 Recombinase , Humanos , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , DNA/metabolismo , Reparo do DNA , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
The efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is closely associated with genome stability and tumor response to chemotherapy. While many factors have been functionally characterized in HR, such as TOPBP1, their precise regulation remains unclear. Here, we report that TOPBP1 interacts with the RNA-binding protein HTATSF1 in a cell-cycle- and phosphorylation-dependent manner. Mechanistically, CK2 phosphorylates HTATSF1 to facilitate binding to TOPBP1, which promotes S-phase-specific TOPBP1 recruitment to damaged chromatin and subsequent RPA/RAD51-dependent HR, genome integrity, and cancer-cell viability. The localization of HTATSF1-TOPBP1 to DSBs is potentially independent of the transcription-coupled RNA-binding and processing capacity of HTATSF1 but rather relies on the recognition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated RPA by HTATSF1, which can be blunted with PARP inhibitors. Together, our study provides a mechanistic insight into TOPBP1 loading at HR-prone DSB sites via HTATSF1 and reveals how RPA-RAD51 exchange is tuned by a PARylation-phosphorylation cascade.
Assuntos
Poli ADP Ribosilação , Rad51 Recombinase , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Reparo do DNA , Recombinação Homóloga/genética , Fosforilação , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismoRESUMO
Oncogene activation during tumorigenesis promotes DNA replication stress (RS), which subsequently drives the formation of cancer-associated chromosomal rearrangements. Many episodes of physiological RS likely arise due to conflicts between the DNA replication and transcription machineries operating simultaneously at the same loci. One role of the RAD51 recombinase in human cells is to protect replication forks undergoing RS. Here, we have identified a key role for RAD51 in preventing transcription-replication conflicts (TRCs) from triggering replication fork breakage. The genomic regions most affected by RAD51 deficiency are characterized by being replicated and transcribed in early S-phase and show significant overlap with loci prone to cancer-associated amplification. Consistent with a role for RAD51 in protecting against transcription-replication conflicts, many of the adverse effects of RAD51 depletion are ameliorated by inhibiting early S-phase transcription. We propose a model whereby RAD51 suppresses fork breakage and subsequent inadvertent amplification of genomic loci prone to experiencing TRCs.
Assuntos
Replicação do DNA , Rad51 Recombinase , Cromossomos/metabolismo , Humanos , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Fase S/genética , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
RAD51 and the breast cancer suppressor BRCA2 have critical functions in DNA double-strand (dsDNA) break repair by homologous recombination and the protection of newly replicated DNA from nucleolytic degradation. The recombination function of RAD51 requires its binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), whereas binding to dsDNA is inhibitory. Using reconstituted MRE11-, EXO1-, and DNA2-dependent nuclease reactions, we show that the protective function of RAD51 unexpectedly depends on its binding to dsDNA. The BRC4 repeat of BRCA2 abrogates RAD51 binding to dsDNA and accordingly impairs the function of RAD51 in protection. The BRCA2 C-terminal RAD51-binding segment (TR2) acts in a dominant manner to overcome the effect of BRC4. Mechanistically, TR2 stabilizes RAD51 binding to dsDNA, even in the presence of BRC4, promoting DNA protection. Our data suggest that RAD51's dsDNA-binding capacity may have evolved together with its function in replication fork protection and provide a mechanistic basis for the DNA-protection function of BRCA2.
Assuntos
DNA de Cadeia Simples , Rad51 Recombinase , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , DNA/genética , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismoRESUMO
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a recombination process that maintains telomeres in the absence of telomerase and helps cancer cells to survive. Yeast has been used as a robust model of ALT; however, the inability to determine the frequency and structure of ALT survivors hinders understanding of the ALT mechanism. Here, using population and molecular genetics approaches, we overcome these problems and demonstrate that contrary to the current view, both RAD51-dependent and RAD51-independent mechanisms are required for a unified ALT survivor pathway. This conclusion is based on the calculation of ALT frequencies, as well as on ultra-long sequencing of ALT products that revealed hybrid sequences containing features attributed to both recombination pathways. Sequencing of ALT intermediates demonstrates that recombination begins with Rad51-mediated strand invasion to form DNA substrates that are matured by a Rad51-independent ssDNA annealing pathway. A similar unified ALT pathway may operate in other organisms, including humans.
Assuntos
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Homeostase do Telômero/genética , Telômero/genética , DNA/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Recombinação Genética/genética , Telomerase/genéticaRESUMO
RAD51 facilitates replication fork reversal and protects reversed forks from nuclease degradation. Although potentially a useful replication stress response mechanism, unregulated fork reversal can cause genome instability. Here we show that RADX, a single-strand DNA binding protein that binds to and destabilizes RAD51 nucleofilaments, can either inhibit or promote fork reversal depending on replication stress levels. RADX inhibits fork reversal at elongating forks, thereby preventing fork slowing and collapse. Paradoxically, in the presence of persistent replication stress, RADX localizes to stalled forks to generate reversed fork structures. Consequently, inactivating RADX prevents fork-reversal-dependent telomere dysfunction in the absence of RTEL1 and blocks nascent strand degradation when fork protection factors are inactivated. Addition of RADX increases SMARCAL1-dependent fork reversal in conditions in which pre-binding RAD51 to a model fork substrate is inhibitory. Thus, RADX directly interacts with RAD51 and single-strand DNA to confine fork reversal to persistently stalled forks.
Assuntos
Replicação do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Instabilidade Genômica/genética , Origem de Replicação/genética , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , DNA Helicases/genética , Reparo do DNA/genética , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Ligação Proteica/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genéticaRESUMO
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Roy et al. (2021) and Belan et al. (2021) demonstrate that the yeast and nematode RAD51 paralog complexes function as chaperones to promote the assembly of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament on RPA-coated ssDNA.
Assuntos
Rad51 Recombinase , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Imagem Individual de MoléculaRESUMO
Homologous recombination (HR) is an essential DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair mechanism, which is frequently inactivated in cancer. During HR, RAD51 forms nucleoprotein filaments on RPA-coated, resected DNA and catalyzes strand invasion into homologous duplex DNA. How RAD51 displaces RPA and assembles into long HR-proficient filaments remains uncertain. Here, we employed single-molecule imaging to investigate the mechanism of nematode RAD-51 filament growth in the presence of BRC-2 (BRCA2) and RAD-51 paralogs, RFS-1/RIP-1. BRC-2 nucleates RAD-51 on RPA-coated DNA, whereas RFS-1/RIP-1 acts as a "chaperone" to promote 3' to 5' filament growth via highly dynamic engagement with 5' filament ends. Inhibiting ATPase or mutation in the RFS-1 Walker box leads to RFS-1/RIP-1 retention on RAD-51 filaments and hinders growth. The rfs-1 Walker box mutants display sensitivity to DNA damage and accumulate RAD-51 complexes non-functional for HR in vivo. Our work reveals the mechanism of RAD-51 nucleation and filament growth in the presence of recombination mediators.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , DNA de Helmintos/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , DNA de Helmintos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Chaperonas Moleculares/genética , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Mutação , Ligação Proteica , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Proteína de Replicação A/genética , Proteína de Replicação A/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Imagem Individual de MoléculaRESUMO
Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA) is synthetic lethal with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Lethality is thought to derive from DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) necessitating BRCA function in homologous recombination (HR) and/or fork protection (FP). Here, we report instead that toxicity derives from replication gaps. BRCA1- or FANCJ-deficient cells, with common repair defects but distinct PARPi responses, reveal gaps as a distinguishing factor. We further uncouple HR, FP, and fork speed from PARPi response. Instead, gaps characterize BRCA-deficient cells, are diminished upon resistance, restored upon resensitization, and, when exposed, augment PARPi toxicity. Unchallenged BRCA1-deficient cells have elevated poly(ADP-ribose) and chromatin-associated PARP1, but aberrantly low XRCC1 consistent with defects in backup Okazaki fragment processing (OFP). 53BP1 loss resuscitates OFP by restoring XRCC1-LIG3 that suppresses the sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient cells to drugs targeting OFP or generating gaps. We highlight gaps as a determinant of PARPi toxicity changing the paradigm for synthetic lethal interactions.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1/genética , Replicação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Cisplatino/farmacologia , DNA/genética , DNA/metabolismo , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Recombinação Homóloga/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , RNA Helicases/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Proteína de Replicação A/genética , Proteína 1 de Ligação à Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genéticaRESUMO
The RAD51 recombinase forms nucleoprotein filaments to promote double-strand break repair, replication fork reversal, and fork stabilization. The stability of these filaments is highly regulated, as both too little and too much RAD51 activity can cause genome instability. RADX is a single-strand DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that regulates DNA replication. Here, we define its mechanism of action. We find that RADX inhibits RAD51 strand exchange and D-loop formation activities. RADX directly and selectively interacts with ATP-bound RAD51, stimulates ATP hydrolysis, and destabilizes RAD51 nucleofilaments. The RADX interaction with RAD51, in addition to its ssDNA binding capability, is required to maintain replication fork elongation rates and fork stability. Furthermore, BRCA2 can overcome the RADX-dependent RAD51 inhibition. Thus, RADX functions in opposition to BRCA2 in regulating RAD51 nucleofilament stability to ensure the right level of RAD51 function during DNA replication.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA2/genética , Replicação do DNA , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , DNA/genética , DNA/metabolismo , DNA de Cadeia Simples/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Genes Reporter , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Hidrólise , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Proteínas Luminescentes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Imagem Individual de Molécula , Proteína Vermelha FluorescenteRESUMO
Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for maintenance of genome integrity. Rad51 paralogs fulfill a conserved but undefined role in HR, and their mutations are associated with increased cancer risk in humans. Here, we use single-molecule imaging to reveal that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 paralog complex Rad55-Rad57 promotes assembly of Rad51 recombinase filament through transient interactions, providing evidence that it acts like a classical molecular chaperone. Srs2 is an ATP-dependent anti-recombinase that downregulates HR by actively dismantling Rad51 filaments. Contrary to the current model, we find that Rad55-Rad57 does not physically block the movement of Srs2. Instead, Rad55-Rad57 promotes rapid re-assembly of Rad51 filaments after their disruption by Srs2. Our findings support a model in which Rad51 is in flux between free and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-bound states, the rate of which is controlled dynamically though the opposing actions of Rad55-Rad57 and Srs2.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , DNA Helicases/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Recombinação Homóloga , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , DNA Helicases/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Fúngico/metabolismo , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , DNA de Cadeia Simples/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Genes Reporter , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Proteínas Luminescentes/metabolismo , Chaperonas Moleculares/genética , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Mutação , Ligação Proteica , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Imagem Individual de Molécula , Proteína Vermelha FluorescenteRESUMO
Eukaryotic cells rely on several mechanisms to ensure that the genome is duplicated precisely once in each cell division cycle, preventing DNA over-replication and genomic instability. Most of these mechanisms limit the activity of origin licensing proteins to prevent the reactivation of origins that have already been used. Here, we have investigated whether additional controls restrict the extension of re-replicated DNA in the event of origin re-activation. In a genetic screening in cells forced to re-activate origins, we found that re-replication is limited by RAD51 and enhanced by FBH1, a RAD51 antagonist. In the presence of chromatin-bound RAD51, forks stemming from re-fired origins are slowed down, leading to frequent events of fork reversal. Eventual re-initiation of DNA synthesis mediated by PRIMPOL creates ssDNA gaps that facilitate the partial elimination of re-duplicated DNA by MRE11 exonuclease. In the absence of RAD51, these controls are abrogated and re-replication forks progress much longer than in normal conditions. Our study uncovers a safeguard mechanism to protect genome stability in the event of origin reactivation.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Rad51 Recombinase , DNA/genética , Replicação do DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
Accurate DNA repair and replication are critical for genomic stability and cancer prevention. RAD51 and its gene family are key regulators of DNA fidelity through diverse roles in double-strand break repair, replication stress, and meiosis. RAD51 is an ATPase that forms a nucleoprotein filament on single-stranded DNA. RAD51 has the function of finding and invading homologous DNA sequences to enable accurate and timely DNA repair. Its paralogs, which arose from ancient gene duplications of RAD51, have evolved to regulate and promote RAD51 function. Underscoring its importance, misregulation of RAD51, and its paralogs, is associated with diseases such as cancer and Fanconi anemia. In this review, we focus on the mammalian RAD51 structure and function and highlight the use of model systems to enable mechanistic understanding of RAD51 cellular roles. We also discuss how misregulation of the RAD51 gene family members contributes to disease and consider new approaches to pharmacologically inhibit RAD51.
Assuntos
Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Animais , DNA/genética , Reparo do DNA/genética , Instabilidade Genômica/genética , Recombinação Homóloga/genética , HumanosRESUMO
BRCA1 promotes the DNA end resection and RAD51 loading steps of homologous recombination (HR). Whether these functions can be uncoupled, and whether mutant proteins retaining partial activity can complement one another, is unclear and could affect the severity of BRCA1-associated Fanconi anemia (FA). Here we generated a Brca1CC mouse with a coiled-coil (CC) domain deletion. Brca1CC/CC mice are born at low frequencies, and post-natal mice have FA-like abnormalities, including bone marrow failure. Intercrossing with Brca1Δ11, which is homozygous lethal, generated Brca1CC/Δ11 mice at Mendelian frequencies that were indistinguishable from Brca1+/+ mice. Brca1CC and Brca1Δ11 proteins were individually responsible for counteracting 53BP1-RIF1-Shieldin activity and promoting RAD51 loading, respectively. Thus, Brca1CC and Brca1Δ11 alleles represent separation-of-function mutations that combine to provide a level of HR sufficient for normal development and hematopoiesis. Because BRCA1 activities can be genetically separated, compound heterozygosity for functional complementary mutations may protect individuals from FA.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1/genética , Recombinação Homóloga/genética , Proteína 1 de Ligação à Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Animais , Proteína BRCA1/metabolismo , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Reparo do DNA , Éxons , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Ligação à Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
Meiotic recombination proceeds via binding of RPA, RAD51, and DMC1 to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) substrates created after formation of programmed DNA double-strand breaks. Here we report high-resolution in vivo maps of RPA and RAD51 in meiosis, mapping their binding locations and lifespans to individual homologous chromosomes using a genetically engineered hybrid mouse. Together with high-resolution microscopy and DMC1 binding maps, we show that DMC1 and RAD51 have distinct spatial localization on ssDNA: DMC1 binds near the break site, and RAD51 binds away from it. We characterize inter-homolog recombination intermediates bound by RPA in vivo, with properties expected for the critical displacement loop (D-loop) intermediates. These data support the hypothesis that DMC1, not RAD51, performs strand exchange in mammalian meiosis. RPA-bound D-loops can be resolved as crossovers or non-crossovers, but crossover-destined D-loops may have longer lifespans. D-loops resemble crossover gene conversions in size, but their extent is similar in both repair pathways.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Recombinação Homóloga , Meiose , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/metabolismo , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Proteína de Replicação A/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Cromossomos/genética , Cromossomos/metabolismo , Troca Genética , DNA de Cadeia Simples/metabolismo , Genoma , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Proteína de Replicação A/genética , TestículoRESUMO
Formation of co-transcriptional R-loops underlies replication fork stalling upon head-on transcription-replication encounters. Here, we demonstrate that RAD51-dependent replication fork reversal induced by R-loops is followed by the restart of semiconservative DNA replication mediated by RECQ1 and RECQ5 helicases, MUS81/EME1 endonuclease, RAD52 strand-annealing factor, the DNA ligase IV (LIG4)/XRCC4 complex, and the non-catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase δ, POLD3. RECQ5 disrupts RAD51 filaments assembled on stalled forks after RECQ1-mediated reverse branch migration, preventing a new round of fork reversal and facilitating fork cleavage by MUS81/EME1. MUS81-dependent DNA breaks accumulate in cells lacking RAD52 or LIG4 upon induction of R-loop formation, suggesting that RAD52 acts in concert with LIG4/XRCC4 to catalyze fork religation, thereby mediating replication restart. The resumption of DNA synthesis after R-loop-associated fork stalling also requires active transcription, the restoration of which depends on MUS81, RAD52, LIG4, and the transcription elongation factor ELL. These findings provide mechanistic insights into transcription-replication conflict resolution.