RESUMO
Clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) is a heterogeneous disease with a variable post-surgical course. To assemble a comprehensive ccRCC tumor microenvironment (TME) atlas, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic subpopulations from tumor and tumor-adjacent tissue of treatment-naive ccRCC resections. We leveraged the VIPER algorithm to quantitate single-cell protein activity and validated this approach by comparison to flow cytometry. The analysis identified key TME subpopulations, as well as their master regulators and candidate cell-cell interactions, revealing clinically relevant populations, undetectable by gene-expression analysis. Specifically, we uncovered a tumor-specific macrophage subpopulation characterized by upregulation of TREM2/APOE/C1Q, validated by spatially resolved, quantitative multispectral immunofluorescence. In a large clinical validation cohort, these markers were significantly enriched in tumors from patients who recurred following surgery. The study thus identifies TREM2/APOE/C1Q-positive macrophage infiltration as a potential prognostic biomarker for ccRCC recurrence, as well as a candidate therapeutic target.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/metabolismo , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/metabolismo , Adulto , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Apolipoproteínas E/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Expressão Gênica/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Rim/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/patologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Receptores de Complemento/genética , Receptores de Complemento/metabolismo , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Microambiente Tumoral , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/fisiologiaRESUMO
Proteins are essential agents of biological processes. To date, large-scale profiling of cell line collections including the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) has focused primarily on genetic information whereas deep interrogation of the proteome has remained out of reach. Here, we expand the CCLE through quantitative profiling of thousands of proteins by mass spectrometry across 375 cell lines from diverse lineages to reveal information undiscovered by DNA and RNA methods. We observe unexpected correlations within and between pathways that are largely absent from RNA. An analysis of microsatellite instable (MSI) cell lines reveals the dysregulation of specific protein complexes associated with surveillance of mutation and translation. These and other protein complexes were associated with sensitivity to knockdown of several different genes. These data in conjunction with the wider CCLE are a broad resource to explore cellular behavior and facilitate cancer research.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , Mutação/genética , Proteômica/métodosRESUMO
Obesity is a major modifiable risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), yet how and when obesity contributes to PDAC progression is not well understood. Leveraging an autochthonous mouse model, we demonstrate a causal and reversible role for obesity in early PDAC progression, showing that obesity markedly enhances tumorigenesis, while genetic or dietary induction of weight loss intercepts cancer development. Molecular analyses of human and murine samples define microenvironmental consequences of obesity that foster tumorigenesis rather than new driver gene mutations, including significant pancreatic islet cell adaptation in obesity-associated tumors. Specifically, we identify aberrant beta cell expression of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (Cck) in response to obesity and show that islet Cck promotes oncogenic Kras-driven pancreatic ductal tumorigenesis. Our studies argue that PDAC progression is driven by local obesity-associated changes in the tumor microenvironment and implicate endocrine-exocrine signaling beyond insulin in PDAC development.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/etiologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Células Endócrinas/metabolismo , Glândulas Exócrinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mutação/genética , Obesidade/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/fisiologia , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMO
KRAS mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a desmoplastic response that promotes hypovascularity, immunosuppression, and resistance to chemo- and immunotherapies. We show that a combination of MEK and CDK4/6 inhibitors that target KRAS-directed oncogenic signaling can suppress PDAC proliferation through induction of retinoblastoma (RB) protein-mediated senescence. In preclinical mouse models of PDAC, this senescence-inducing therapy produces a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that includes pro-angiogenic factors that promote tumor vascularization, which in turn enhances drug delivery and efficacy of cytotoxic gemcitabine chemotherapy. In addition, SASP-mediated endothelial cell activation stimulates the accumulation of CD8+ T cells into otherwise immunologically "cold" tumors, sensitizing tumors to PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Therefore, in PDAC models, therapy-induced senescence can establish emergent susceptibilities to otherwise ineffective chemo- and immunotherapies through SASP-dependent effects on the tumor vasculature and immune system.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Remodelação Vascular/fisiologia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/microbiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Quinase 6 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Genes ras/genética , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/fisiologia , Camundongos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Proteína do Retinoblastoma/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Microambiente Tumoral , Remodelação Vascular/genéticaRESUMO
Widespread changes to DNA methylation and chromatin are well documented in cancer, but the fate of higher-order chromosomal structure remains obscure. Here we integrated topological maps for colon tumors and normal colons with epigenetic, transcriptional, and imaging data to characterize alterations to chromatin loops, topologically associated domains, and large-scale compartments. We found that spatial partitioning of the open and closed genome compartments is profoundly compromised in tumors. This reorganization is accompanied by compartment-specific hypomethylation and chromatin changes. Additionally, we identify a compartment at the interface between the canonical A and B compartments that is reorganized in tumors. Remarkably, similar shifts were evident in non-malignant cells that have accumulated excess divisions. Our analyses suggest that these topological changes repress stemness and invasion programs while inducing anti-tumor immunity genes and may therefore restrain malignant progression. Our findings call into question the conventional view that tumor-associated epigenomic alterations are primarily oncogenic.
Assuntos
Cromatina/metabolismo , Cromossomos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Metilação de DNA , Epigênese Genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Divisão Celular , Senescência Celular/genética , Sequenciamento de Cromatina por Imunoprecipitação , Cromossomos/genética , Estudos de Coortes , Neoplasias Colorretais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Biologia Computacional , Metilação de DNA/genética , Epigenômica , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , RNA-Seq , Análise Espacial , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMO
Responses to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy occur but are infrequent in bladder cancer. The specific T cells that mediate tumor rejection are unknown. T cells from human bladder tumors and non-malignant tissue were assessed with single-cell RNA and paired T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of 30,604 T cells from 7 patients. We find that the states and repertoires of CD8+ T cells are not distinct in tumors compared with non-malignant tissues. In contrast, single-cell analysis of CD4+ T cells demonstrates several tumor-specific states, including multiple distinct states of regulatory T cells. Surprisingly, we also find multiple cytotoxic CD4+ T cell states that are clonally expanded. These CD4+ T cells can kill autologous tumors in an MHC class II-dependent fashion and are suppressed by regulatory T cells. Further, a gene signature of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in tumors predicts a clinical response in 244 metastatic bladder cancer patients treated with anti-PD-L1.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Biomarcadores Farmacológicos/análise , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Genes MHC da Classe II , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Imunoterapia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologiaRESUMO
Most human protein-coding genes are regulated by multiple, distinct promoters, suggesting that the choice of promoter is as important as its level of transcriptional activity. However, while a global change in transcription is recognized as a defining feature of cancer, the contribution of alternative promoters still remains largely unexplored. Here, we infer active promoters using RNA-seq data from 18,468 cancer and normal samples, demonstrating that alternative promoters are a major contributor to context-specific regulation of transcription. We find that promoters are deregulated across tissues, cancer types, and patients, affecting known cancer genes and novel candidates. For genes with independently regulated promoters, we demonstrate that promoter activity provides a more accurate predictor of patient survival than gene expression. Our study suggests that a dynamic landscape of active promoters shapes the cancer transcriptome, opening new diagnostic avenues and opportunities to further explore the interplay of regulatory mechanisms with transcriptional aberrations in cancer.
Assuntos
Biologia Computacional/métodos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Neoplasias/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Humanos , RNA-Seq/métodosRESUMO
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an intriguing class of RNA due to their covalently closed structure, high stability, and implicated roles in gene regulation. Here, we used an exome capture RNA sequencing protocol to detect and characterize circRNAs across >2,000 cancer samples. When compared against Ribo-Zero and RNase R, capture sequencing significantly enhanced the enrichment of circRNAs and preserved accurate circular-to-linear ratios. Using capture sequencing, we built the most comprehensive catalog of circRNA species to date: MiOncoCirc, the first database to be composed primarily of circRNAs directly detected in tumor tissues. Using MiOncoCirc, we identified candidate circRNAs to serve as biomarkers for prostate cancer and were able to detect circRNAs in urine. We further detected a novel class of circular transcripts, termed read-through circRNAs, that involved exons originating from different genes. MiOncoCirc will serve as a valuable resource for the development of circRNAs as diagnostic or therapeutic targets across cancer types.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Neoplasias/genética , RNA/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , RNA/metabolismo , RNA Circular , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos , Sequenciamento do Exoma/métodosRESUMO
To elucidate the deregulated functional modules that drive clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), we performed comprehensive genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic characterization of treatment-naive ccRCC and paired normal adjacent tissue samples. Genomic analyses identified a distinct molecular subgroup associated with genomic instability. Integration of proteogenomic measurements uniquely identified protein dysregulation of cellular mechanisms impacted by genomic alterations, including oxidative phosphorylation-related metabolism, protein translation processes, and phospho-signaling modules. To assess the degree of immune infiltration in individual tumors, we identified microenvironment cell signatures that delineated four immune-based ccRCC subtypes characterized by distinct cellular pathways. This study reports a large-scale proteogenomic analysis of ccRCC to discern the functional impact of genomic alterations and provides evidence for rational treatment selection stemming from ccRCC pathobiology.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteogenômica , Transcriptoma/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Exoma/genética , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas de Neoplasias/imunologia , Fosforilação Oxidativa , Fosforilação/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transcriptoma/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
Increased levels of intestinal bile acids (BAs) are a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we show that the convergence of dietary factors (high-fat diet) and dysregulated WNT signaling (APC mutation) alters BA profiles to drive malignant transformations in Lgr5-expressing (Lgr5+) cancer stem cells and promote an adenoma-to-adenocarcinoma progression. Mechanistically, we show that BAs that antagonize intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) function, including tauro-ß-muricholic acid (T-ßMCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA), induce proliferation and DNA damage in Lgr5+ cells. Conversely, selective activation of intestinal FXR can restrict abnormal Lgr5+ cell growth and curtail CRC progression. This unexpected role for FXR in coordinating intestinal self-renewal with BA levels implicates FXR as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Intestinais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/metabolismo , Animais , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Ácido Desoxicólico/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Intestinais/genética , Intestinos , Fígado , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/fisiologia , Organoides/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/genética , Fatores de Risco , Transdução de Sinais , Ácido Taurocólico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Taurocólico/metabolismo , Via de Sinalização Wnt/genética , Via de Sinalização Wnt/fisiologiaRESUMO
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified rs11672691 at 19q13 associated with aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we independently confirmed the finding in a cohort of 2,738 PCa patients and discovered the biological mechanism underlying this association. We found an association of the aggressive PCa-associated allele G of rs11672691 with elevated transcript levels of two biologically plausible candidate genes, PCAT19 and CEACAM21, implicated in PCa cell growth and tumor progression. Mechanistically, rs11672691 resides in an enhancer element and alters the binding site of HOXA2, a novel oncogenic transcription factor with prognostic potential in PCa. Remarkably, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated single-nucleotide editing showed the direct effect of rs11672691 on PCAT19 and CEACAM21 expression and PCa cellular aggressive phenotype. Clinical data demonstrated synergistic effects of rs11672691 genotype and PCAT19/CEACAM21 gene expression on PCa prognosis. These results provide a plausible mechanism for rs11672691 associated with aggressive PCa and thus lay the ground work for translating this finding to the clinic.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA não Traduzido/genética , Adulto , Alelos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cromossomos Humanos Par 19/genética , Estudos de Coortes , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Frequência do Gene/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genótipo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , PrognósticoRESUMO
Most high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) patients develop resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy and recur, but 15% remain disease free over a decade. To discover drivers of long-term survival, we quantitatively analyzed the proteomes of platinum-resistant and -sensitive HGSOC patients from minute amounts of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors. This revealed cancer/testis antigen 45 (CT45) as an independent prognostic factor associated with a doubling of disease-free survival in advanced-stage HGSOC. Phospho- and interaction proteomics tied CT45 to DNA damage pathways through direct interaction with the PP4 phosphatase complex. In vitro, CT45 regulated PP4 activity, and its high expression led to increased DNA damage and platinum sensitivity. CT45-derived HLA class I peptides, identified by immunopeptidomics, activate patient-derived cytotoxic T cells and promote tumor cell killing. This study highlights the power of clinical cancer proteomics to identify targets for chemo- and immunotherapy and illuminate their biological roles.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Neoplasias/fisiologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Proteômica/métodos , Idoso , Sequência de Aminoácidos/genética , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Metilação de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatases/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatases/fisiologia , PrognósticoRESUMO
The prostate cancer (PCa) risk-associated SNP rs11672691 is positively associated with aggressive disease at diagnosis. We showed that rs11672691 maps to the promoter of a short isoform of long noncoding RNA PCAT19 (PCAT19-short), which is in the third intron of the long isoform (PCAT19-long). The risk variant is associated with decreased and increased levels of PCAT19-short and PCAT19-long, respectively. Mechanistically, the risk SNP region is bifunctional with both promoter and enhancer activity. The risk variants of rs11672691 and its LD SNP rs887391 decrease binding of transcription factors NKX3.1 and YY1 to the promoter of PCAT19-short, resulting in weaker promoter but stronger enhancer activity that subsequently activates PCAT19-long. PCAT19-long interacts with HNRNPAB to activate a subset of cell-cycle genes associated with PCa progression, thereby promoting PCa tumor growth and metastasis. Taken together, these findings reveal a risk SNP-mediated promoter-enhancer switching mechanism underlying both initiation and progression of aggressive PCa.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Alelos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Frequência do Gene/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Ligação Proteica , Isoformas de RNA/genética , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição YY1/metabolismoRESUMO
Mutations or aberrant upregulation of EZH2 occur frequently in human cancers, yet clinical benefits of EZH2 inhibitor (EZH2i) remain unsatisfactory and limited to certain hematological malignancies. We profile global posttranslational histone modification changes across a large panel of cancer cell lines with various sensitivities to EZH2i. We report here oncogenic transcriptional reprogramming mediated by MLL1's interaction with the p300/CBP complex, which directs H3K27me loss to reciprocal H3K27ac gain and restricts EZH2i response. Concurrent inhibition of H3K27me and H3K27ac results in transcriptional repression and MAPK pathway dependency in cancer subsets. In preclinical models encompassing a broad spectrum of EZH2-aberrant solid tumors, a combination of EZH2 and BRD4 inhibitors, or a triple-combination including MAPK inhibition display robust efficacy with very tolerable toxicity. Our results suggest an attractive precision treatment strategy for EZH2-aberrant tumors on the basis of tumor-intrinsic MLL1 expression and concurrent inhibition of epigenetic crosstalk and feedback MAPK activation.
Assuntos
Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste/genética , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/fisiologia , Proteína de Leucina Linfoide-Mieloide/fisiologia , Animais , Carcinogênese/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Epigênese Genética/genética , Epigenômica/métodos , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Código das Histonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Código das Histonas/genética , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/genética , Histonas/genética , Histonas/fisiologia , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos SCID , Mutação , Proteína de Leucina Linfoide-Mieloide/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/fisiologia , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 2/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/fisiologia , Ativação Transcricional , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto/métodos , Fatores de Transcrição de p300-CBP/fisiologiaRESUMO
Reversing the dysfunctional T cell state that arises in cancer and chronic viral infections is the focus of therapeutic interventions; however, current therapies are effective in only some patients and some tumor types. To gain a deeper molecular understanding of the dysfunctional T cell state, we analyzed population and single-cell RNA profiles of CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and used genetic perturbations to identify a distinct gene module for T cell dysfunction that can be uncoupled from T cell activation. This distinct dysfunction module is downstream of intracellular metallothioneins that regulate zinc metabolism and can be identified at single-cell resolution. We further identify Gata-3, a zinc-finger transcription factor in the dysfunctional module, as a regulator of dysfunction, and we use CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to show that it drives a dysfunctional phenotype in CD8(+) TILs. Our results open novel avenues for targeting dysfunctional T cell states while leaving activation programs intact.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Ativação Linfocitária/genética , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/patologia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinogênese/imunologia , Feminino , Fator de Transcrição GATA3/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Melanoma/imunologia , Melanoma/fisiopatologia , Metalotioneína/deficiência , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Advancements in precision oncology over the past decades have led to new therapeutic interventions, but the efficacy of such treatments is generally limited by an adaptive process that fosters drug resistance1. In addition to genetic mutations2, recent research has identified a role for non-genetic plasticity in transient drug tolerance3 and the acquisition of stable resistance4,5. However, the dynamics of cell-state transitions that occur in the adaptation to cancer therapies remain unknown and require a systems-level longitudinal framework. Here we demonstrate that resistance develops through trajectories of cell-state transitions accompanied by a progressive increase in cell fitness, which we denote as the 'resistance continuum'. This cellular adaptation involves a stepwise assembly of gene expression programmes and epigenetically reinforced cell states underpinned by phenotypic plasticity, adaptation to stress and metabolic reprogramming. Our results support the notion that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or stemness programmes-often considered a proxy for phenotypic plasticity-enable adaptation, rather than a full resistance mechanism. Through systematic genetic perturbations, we identify the acquisition of metabolic dependencies, exposing vulnerabilities that can potentially be exploited therapeutically. The concept of the resistance continuum highlights the dynamic nature of cellular adaptation and calls for complementary therapies directed at the mechanisms underlying adaptive cell-state transitions.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Plasticidade Celular , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Adaptação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Plasticidade Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasticidade Celular/genética , Reprogramação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprogramação Celular/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Epigênese Genética , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patologia , FenótipoRESUMO
Many cancers are characterized by gene fusions encoding oncogenic chimeric transcription factors (TFs) such as EWS::FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma (EwS). Here, we find that EWS::FLI1 induces the robust expression of a specific set of novel spliced and polyadenylated transcripts within otherwise transcriptionally silent regions of the genome. These neogenes (NGs) are virtually undetectable in large collections of normal tissues or non-EwS tumors and can be silenced by CRISPR interference at regulatory EWS::FLI1-bound microsatellites. Ribosome profiling and proteomics further show that some NGs are translated into highly EwS-specific peptides. More generally, we show that hundreds of NGs can be detected in diverse cancers characterized by chimeric TFs. Altogether, this study identifies the transcription, processing, and translation of novel, specific, highly expressed multi-exonic transcripts from otherwise silent regions of the genome as a new activity of aberrant TFs in cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica c-fli-1 , Fatores de Transcrição , Carcinogênese/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Inativação Gênica , Genoma/genética , Genômica , Humanos , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Oncogenes/genética , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica c-fli-1/genética , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica c-fli-1/metabolismo , Sarcoma de Ewing/genética , Sarcoma de Ewing/metabolismo , Sarcoma de Ewing/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transcrição Gênica/genéticaRESUMO
The expression of the urea cycle (UC) proteins is dysregulated in multiple cancers, providing metabolic benefits to tumor survival, proliferation, and growth. Here, we review the main changes described in the expression of UC enzymes and metabolites in different cancers at various stages and suggest that these changes are dynamic and should hence be viewed in a context-specific manner. Understanding the evolvability in the activity of the UC pathway in cancer has implications for cancer-immune cell interactions and for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Ureia/metabolismo , Amônia/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Expressão Gênica/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Distúrbios Congênitos do Ciclo da Ureia/metabolismo , Distúrbios Congênitos do Ciclo da Ureia/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The transformed state in acute leukemia requires gene regulatory programs involving transcription factors and chromatin modulators. Here, we uncover an IRF8-MEF2D transcriptional circuit as an acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-biased dependency. We discover and characterize the mechanism by which the chromatin "reader" ZMYND8 directly activates IRF8 in parallel with the MYC proto-oncogene through their lineage-specific enhancers. ZMYND8 is essential for AML proliferation in vitro and in vivo and associates with MYC and IRF8 enhancer elements that we define in cell lines and in patient samples. ZMYND8 occupancy at IRF8 and MYC enhancers requires BRD4, a transcription coactivator also necessary for AML proliferation. We show that ZMYND8 binds to the ET domain of BRD4 via its chromatin reader cassette, which in turn is required for proper chromatin occupancy and maintenance of leukemic growth in vivo. Our results rationalize ZMYND8 as a potential therapeutic target for modulating essential transcriptional programs in AML.
Assuntos
Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/genética , Cromatina/genética , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Proto-Oncogene Mas , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genéticaRESUMO
ASCL1 is a neuroendocrine lineage-specific oncogenic driver of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), highly expressed in a significant fraction of tumors. However, â¼25% of human SCLC are ASCL1-low and associated with low neuroendocrine fate and high MYC expression. Using genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), we show that alterations in Rb1/Trp53/Myc in the mouse lung induce an ASCL1+ state of SCLC in multiple cells of origin. Genetic depletion of ASCL1 in MYC-driven SCLC dramatically inhibits tumor initiation and progression to the NEUROD1+ subtype of SCLC. Surprisingly, ASCL1 loss promotes a SOX9+ mesenchymal/neural crest stem-like state and the emergence of osteosarcoma and chondroid tumors, whose propensity is impacted by cell of origin. ASCL1 is critical for expression of key lineage-related transcription factors NKX2-1, FOXA2, and INSM1 and represses genes involved in the Hippo/Wnt/Notch developmental pathways in vivo. Importantly, ASCL1 represses a SOX9/RUNX1/RUNX2 program in vivo and SOX9 expression in human SCLC cells, suggesting a conserved function for ASCL1. Together, in a MYC-driven SCLC model, ASCL1 promotes neuroendocrine fate and represses the emergence of a SOX9+ nonendodermal stem-like fate that resembles neural crest.