RESUMO
Microglia from different nervous system regions are molecularly and anatomically distinct, but whether they also have different functions is unknown. We combined lineage tracing, single-cell transcriptomics, and electrophysiology of the mouse retina and showed that adult retinal microglia shared a common developmental lineage and were long-lived but resided in two distinct niches. Microglia in these niches differed in their interleukin-34 dependency and functional contribution to visual-information processing. During certain retinal-degeneration models, microglia from both pools relocated to the subretinal space, an inducible disease-associated niche that was poorly accessible to monocyte-derived cells. This microglial transition involved transcriptional reprogramming of microglia, characterized by reduced expression of homeostatic checkpoint genes and upregulation of injury-responsive genes. This transition was associated with protection of the retinal pigmented epithelium from damage caused by disease. Together, our data demonstrate that microglial function varies by retinal niche, thereby shedding light on the significance of microglia heterogeneity.
Assuntos
Homeostase/fisiologia , Microglia/patologia , Degeneração Retiniana/patologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Epitélio Corneano/patologia , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Retina/patologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
Although recent progress provides mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis (PF), rare anti-PF therapeutics show definitive promise for treating this disease. Repeated lung epithelial injury results in injury-repairing response and inflammation, which drive the development of PF. Here, we report that chronic lung injury inactivated the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20, causing progressive accumulation of the transcription factor C/EBPß in alveolar macrophages (AMs) from PF patients and mice, which upregulated a number of immunosuppressive and profibrotic factors promoting PF development. In response to chronic lung injury, elevated glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß) interacted with and phosphorylated A20 to suppress C/EBPß degradation. Ectopic expression of A20 or pharmacological restoration of A20 activity by disturbing the A20-GSK-3ß interaction accelerated C/EBPß degradation and showed potent therapeutic efficacy against experimental PF. Our study indicates that a regulatory mechanism of the GSK-3ß-A20-C/EBPß axis in AMs may be a potential target for treating PF and fibroproliferative lung diseases.
Assuntos
Proteína beta Intensificadora de Ligação a CCAAT/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Fibrose Pulmonar/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fosforilação/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Ubiquitinação/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
PGAM5 is a mitochondrial serine/threonine phosphatase that regulates multiple metabolic pathways and contributes to tumorigenesis in a poorly understood manner. We show here that PGAM5 inhibition attenuates lipid metabolism and colorectal tumorigenesis in mice. PGAM5-mediated dephosphorylation of malic enzyme 1 (ME1) at S336 allows increased ACAT1-mediated K337 acetylation, leading to ME1 dimerization and activation, both of which are reversed by NEK1 kinase-mediated S336 phosphorylation. SIRT6 deacetylase antagonizes ACAT1 function in a manner that involves mutually exclusive ME1 S336 phosphorylation and K337 acetylation. ME1 also promotes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production, lipogenesis, and colorectal cancers in which ME1 transcripts are upregulated and ME1 protein is hypophosphorylated at S336 and hyperacetylated at K337. PGAM5 and ME1 upregulation occur via direct transcriptional activation mediated by ß-catenin/TCF1. Thus, the balance between PGAM5-mediated dephosphorylation of ME1 S336 and ACAT1-mediated acetylation of K337 strongly influences NADPH generation, lipid metabolism, and the susceptibility to colorectal tumorigenesis.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/fisiologia , Fosforilação/fisiologia , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Acetil-CoA C-Acetiltransferase/metabolismo , Acetilação , Animais , Carcinogênese/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Feminino , Células HCT116 , Células HEK293 , Células HT29 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , NADP/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatases/metabolismo , Ativação Transcricional/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
Exposure to heat stress triggers a well-defined acute response marked by HSF1-dependent transcriptional upregulation of heat shock proteins. Cells allowed to recover acquire thermotolerance, but this adaptation is poorly understood. By quantitative proteomics, we discovered selective upregulation of HSP70-family chaperone HSPA1 and its co-factors, HSPH1 and DNAJB1, in MCF7 breast cancer cells acquiring thermotolerance. HSPA1 was found to have dual function during heat stress response: (i) During acute stress, it promotes the recruitment of the 26S proteasome to translating ribosomes, thus poising cells for rapid protein degradation and resumption of protein synthesis upon recovery; (ii) during thermotolerance, HSPA1 together with HSPH1 maintains ubiquitylated nascent/newly synthesized proteins in a soluble state required for their efficient proteasomal clearance. Consistently, deletion of HSPH1 impedes thermotolerance and esophageal tumor growth in mice, thus providing a potential explanation for the poor prognosis of digestive tract cancers with high HSPH1 and nominating HSPH1 as a cancer drug target. We propose dual roles of HSPA1 either alone or in complex with HSPH1 and DNAJB1 in promoting quality control of nascent/newly synthesized proteins and cellular thermotolerance.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/metabolismo , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP110/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP40/metabolismo , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/fisiologia , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Proteólise , Controle de Qualidade , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
Viruses require host cell metabolic reprogramming to satisfy their replication demands; however, the mechanism by which the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remodels nucleotide metabolism to support self-replication remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that NDV relies on the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) and the folate-mediated one-carbon metabolic pathway to support replication. In concert with [1,2-13C2] glucose metabolic flow, NDV used oxPPP to promote pentose phosphate synthesis and to increase antioxidant NADPH production. Metabolic flux experiments using [2,3,3-2H] serine revealed that NDV increased one-carbon (1C) unit synthesis flux through the mitochondrial 1C pathway. Interestingly, methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD2) was upregulated as a compensatory mechanism for insufficient serine availability. Unexpectedly, direct knockdown of enzymes in the one-carbon metabolic pathway, except for cytosolic MTHFD1, significantly inhibited NDV replication. Specific complementation rescue experiments on small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown further revealed that only a knockdown of MTHFD2 strongly restrained NDV replication and was rescued by formate and extracellular nucleotides. These findings indicated that NDV replication relies on MTHFD2 to maintain nucleotide availability. Notably, nuclear MTHFD2 expression was increased during NDV infection and could represent a pathway by which NDV steals nucleotides from the nucleus. Collectively, these data reveal that NDV replication is regulated by the c-Myc-mediated 1C metabolic pathway and that the mechanism of nucleotide synthesis for viral replication is regulated by MTHFD2. IMPORTANCE Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a dominant vector for vaccine and gene therapy that accommodates foreign genes well but can only infect mammalian cells that have undergone cancerous transformation. Understanding the remodeling of nucleotide metabolic pathways in host cells by NDV proliferation provides a new perspective for the precise use of NDV as a vector or in antiviral research. In this study, we demonstrated that NDV replication is strictly dependent on pathways involved in redox homeostasis in the nucleotide synthesis pathway, including the oxPPP and the mitochondrial one-carbon pathway. Further investigation revealed the potential involvement of NDV replication-dependent nucleotide availability in promoting MTHFD2 nuclear localization. Our findings highlight the differential dependence of NDV on enzymes for one-carbon metabolism, and the unique mechanism of action of MTHFD2 in viral replication, thereby providing a novel target for antiviral or oncolytic virus therapy.
Assuntos
Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Desidrogenase (NADP) , Doença de Newcastle , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle , Replicação Viral , Animais , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Desidrogenase (NADP)/genética , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Desidrogenase (NADP)/metabolismo , Doença de Newcastle/enzimologia , Doença de Newcastle/fisiopatologia , Doença de Newcastle/virologia , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/genética , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Serina/metabolismo , Replicação Viral/genética , Linhagem Celular , Células A549 , Humanos , Mesocricetus , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Transporte Proteico/genética , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
Netrin-1, a secreted protein recently characterized as a relevant cancer therapeutic target, is the antiapoptotic ligand of the dependence receptors deleted in colorectal carcinoma and members of the UNC5H family. Netrin-1 is overexpressed in several aggressive cancers where it promotes cancer progression by inhibiting cell death induced by its receptors. Interference of its binding to its receptors has been shown, through the development of a monoclonal neutralizing antinetrin-1 antibody (currently in phase II of clinical trial), to actively induce apoptosis and tumor growth inhibition. The transcription factor p53 was shown to positively regulate netrin-1 gene expression. We show here that netrin-1 could be a target gene of the N-terminal p53 isoform Δ40p53, independent of full-length p53 activity. Using stable cell lines, harboring wild-type or null-p53, in which Δ40p53 expression could be finely tuned, we prove that Δ40p53 binds to and activates the netrin-1 promoter. In addition, we show that forcing immortalized human skeletal myoblasts to produce the Δ40p53 isoform, instead of full-length p53, leads to the up-regulation of netrin-1 and its receptor UNC5B and promotes cell survival. Indeed, we demonstrate that netrin-1 interference, in the presence of Δ40p53, triggers apoptosis in cancer and primary cells, leading to tumor growth inhibition in preclinical in vivo models. Finally, we show a positive correlation between netrin-1 and Δ40p53 gene expression in human melanoma and colorectal cancer biopsies. Hence, we propose that inhibition of netrin-1 binding to its receptors should be a promising therapeutic strategy in human tumors expressing high levels of Δ40p53.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese , Receptores de Netrina/fisiologia , Netrina-1/fisiologia , Isoformas de Proteínas/fisiologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologia , Apoptose/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inativação Gênica , Humanos , Netrina-1/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
ZBED6 (zinc finger BED domain containing protein 6) is a transcription factor unique to placental mammals and its interaction with the IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) locus plays a prominent role in the regulation of postnatal skeletal muscle growth. Here, we generated lean Bama miniature pigs by generating ZBED6-knockout (ZBED6-/-) and investigated the mechanism underlying ZBED6 in growth of muscle and internal organs of placental mammals. ZBED6-/- pigs show markedly higher lean mass, lean mass rate, larger muscle fiber area and heavier internal organs (heart and liver) than wild-type (WT) pigs. The striking phenotypic changes of ZBED6-/- pigs coincided with remarkable upregulation of IGF2 mRNA and protein expression across three tissues (gastrocnemius muscle, longissimus dorsi, heart). Despite a significant increase in liver weight, ZBED6-/- pigs show comparable levels of IGF2 expression to those of WT controls. A mechanistic study revealed that elevated methylation in the liver abrogates ZBED6 binding at the IGF2 locus, explaining the unaltered hepatic IGF2 expression in ZBED6-/- pigs. These results indicate that a ZBED6-IGF2-independent regulatory pathway exists in the liver. Transcriptome analysis and ChIP-PCR revealed new ZBED6 target genes other than IGF2, including cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) and tsukushi, small leucine rich proteoglycan (TSKU), that regulates growth of muscle and liver, respectively.
Assuntos
Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like II/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Desenvolvimento Muscular/fisiologia , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Gravidez , Suínos , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a type I cytokine belonging to the IL-2 cytokine family, promotes Th2-mediated inflammatory responses. The aim of this study is to investigate whether TSLP increases inflammatory responses via induction of autophagy using a murine T cell lymphoma cell line, EL4 cells, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected mice. TSLP increased expression levels of autophagy-related factors, such as Beclin-1, LC3-II, p62, Atg5, and lysosome associated membrane protein 1/2, whereas these factors increased by TSLP disappeared by neutralization of TSLP in EL4 cells. TSLP activated JAK1/JAK2/STAT5/JNK/PI3K, while the blockade of JAK1/JAK2/STAT5/JNK/PI3K signaling pathways reduced the expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3-II, and p62 in TSLP-stimulated EL4 cells. In addition, TSLP simultaneously increased levels of inflammatory cytokines via induction of autophagy by activation of JAK1/JAK2/STAT5/JNK/PI3K signaling pathways. In an LPS-induced acute liver injury (ALI) mouse model, exogenous TSLP increased expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3-II, whereas functional deficiency of TSLP by TSLP siRNA resulted in lower expression of Beclin-1, LC3-II, and inflammatory cytokines, impairing their ability to form autophagosomes in ALI mice. Thus, our findings show a new role of TSLP between autophagy and inflammatory responses. In conclusion, regulating TSLP-induced autophagy may be a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammatory responses.
Assuntos
Autofagia/fisiologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Células Th2/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Hepatopatias/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologia , Linfopoietina do Estroma do TimoRESUMO
In mice, a subset of cardiac macrophages and Kupffer cells derive from fetal precursors, seed the developing tissues, self-renew locally, and persist into adulthood. In this study we investigated how these cells survive acute systemic inflammation. In both tissues, early-derived subsets rapidly responded to acute systemic inflammation by assuming a temporary nonclassical activation state featuring upregulation of both proinflammatory (Il1b, Tnf, Nfkb1), and anti-inflammatory (Il10, Il4ra, Nfkbiz) genes. During this process, transcription factor genes associated with myeloid identity (Spi1, Zeb2) were upregulated, whereas those associated with tissue specificity (Nr1h3 for Kupffer cells and Nfatc2 and Irf4 for cardiac macrophages) were downregulated, suggesting that the cells reasserted their myeloid identity but renounced their tissue identity. Most of these changes in gene expression reverted to steady-state levels postresolution. We conclude that these early-derived macrophage subsets are resilient in the face of acute stress by temporary loss of adaptation to local tissue-specific niches while reasserting their generic myeloid identity.
Assuntos
Inflamação/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Animais , Regulação para Baixo/fisiologia , Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Células de Kupffer/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Monócitos/metabolismo , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
The oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) protein complex mediates the N-linked glycosylation of substrate proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which regulates stability, activity, and localization of its substrates. Although many OST substrate proteins have been identified, the physiological role of the OST complex remains incompletely understood. Here we show that the OST complex in C. elegans is crucial for ER protein homeostasis and defense against infection with pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA14), via immune-regulatory PMK-1/p38 MAP kinase. We found that genetic inhibition of the OST complex impaired protein processing in the ER, which in turn up-regulated ER unfolded protein response (UPRER). We identified vitellogenin VIT-6 as an OST-dependent glycosylated protein, critical for maintaining survival on PA14. We also showed that the OST complex was required for up-regulation of PMK-1 signaling upon infection with PA14. Our study demonstrates that an evolutionarily conserved OST complex, crucial for ER homeostasis, regulates host defense mechanisms against pathogenic bacteria.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Proteostase/fisiologia , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Animais , Hexosiltransferases/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata/fisiologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/fisiologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologia , Vitelogeninas/metabolismoRESUMO
Chronic exposure to high levels of manganese (Mn) leads to manganism, a neurological disorder with similar symptoms to those inherent to Parkinson's disease. However, the underlying mechanisms of this pathological condition have yet to be established. Since the human excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) (glutamate transporter 1 in rodents) is predominantly expressed in astrocytes and its dysregulation is involved in Mn-induced excitotoxic neuronal injury, characterization of the mechanisms that mediate the Mn-induced impairment in EAAT2 function is crucial for the development of novel therapeutics against Mn neurotoxicity. Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) exerts protective effects in many neurodegenerative diseases. But the effects of REST on EAAT2 expression and ensuing neuroprotection are unknown. Given that the EAAT2 promoter contains REST binding sites, the present study investigated the role of REST in EAAT2 expression at the transcriptional level in astrocytes and Mn-induced neurotoxicity in an astrocyte-neuron coculture system. The results reveal that astrocytic REST positively regulates EAAT2 expression with the recruitment of an epigenetic modifier, cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein/p300, to its consensus binding sites in the EAAT2 promoter. Moreover, astrocytic overexpression of REST attenuates Mn-induced reduction in EAAT2 expression, leading to attenuation of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in the astrocyte-neuron coculture system. Our findings demonstrate that astrocytic REST plays a critical role in protection against Mn-induced neurotoxicity by attenuating Mn-induced EAAT2 repression and the ensuing excitotoxic dopaminergic neuronal injury. This indicates that astrocytic REST could be a potential molecular target for the treatment of Mn toxicity and other neurological disorders associated with EAAT2 dysregulation.
Assuntos
Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Transportador 2 de Aminoácido Excitatório/metabolismo , Manganês/farmacologia , Proteínas Repressoras/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologia , Animais , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Transportador 2 de Aminoácido Excitatório/genética , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Sequências Reguladoras de Ácido Nucleico , Transcrição Gênica/fisiologiaRESUMO
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a disease that can cause blindness. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) was reported be overexpressed in DR model. However, the specific mechanism of BMP4 in DR development has not been explored. MiR-340-5p and BMP4 levels were detected by RT-qPCR in MIO-M1 cells and retinas of mice. Western blot analysis was used to examine GFAP, BMP4 and BRB junction protein levels. Inflammatory cytokine secretion and the retina structure were examined by ELISA and H&E staining, respectively. The interaction between miR-340-5p and BMP4 was identified by luciferase reporter assay. In HG-stimulated MIO-M1 cells, BMP4 was upregulated. Mechanically, BMP4 was targeted by miR-340-5p and negatively regulated by miR-340-5p. In rescue assays, BMP4 countervailed the suppressive effects of miR-340-5p on activation of Müller cells and release of inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, miR-18a-3p overexpression alleviated BRB injury to inhibit DR progression in vivo. In conclusion, miR-340-5p inhibits DR progression by targeting BMP4, which may offer a new pathway for treatment of DR.
Assuntos
Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 4/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Ependimogliais/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/metabolismo , Retinopatia Diabética , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Retina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after surgery. We aimed to explore the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) sponging microRNA-26a-5p in sepsis-induced myocardial injury by regulating regulator of calcineurin 2 (Rcan2). METHODS: HL-1 cells were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce in vitro cardiomyocyte injury models, which were then treated with silenced MALAT1 vector, miR-26a-5p mimic or Rcan2 overexpression vector. Next, inflammatory factor level and apoptosis of cells were determined. The in vivo mouse models were constructed by intraperitoneal injection of LPS. The modeled mice were injected with relative oligonucleotides and the pathology, apoptosis, and inflammation in mouse myocardial tissues were assessed. Expression of MALAT1, miR-26a-5p and Rcan2 in vivo and in vitro was evaluated. RESULTS: MALAT1 and Rcan2 were upregulated while miR-26a-5p was downregulated in LPS-treated HL-1 cells and mice. MALAT1 silencing or miR-26a-5p upregulation suppressed LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in cellular and animal models. These effects of elevated miR-26a-5p could be reversed by upregulating Rcan2, and MALAT1 knockdown-induced ameliorative impacts could be reversed by miR-26a-5p downregulation. CONCLUSION: MALAT1 silencing elevated miR-26a-5p to ameliorate LPS-induced myocardial injury by reducing Rcan2. Our research may provide novel biomarkers for the treatment of sepsis.
Assuntos
Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Isquemia Miocárdica/fisiopatologia , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Sepse/fisiopatologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Baixo/fisiologia , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Isquemia Miocárdica/etiologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Ratos , Sepse/complicações , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
CD47, a 50 kDa transmembrane protein, facilitates integrin-mediated cell adhesion and inhibits cell engulfment by phagocytes. Since CD47 blocking promotes engulfment of cancer cells by macrophages, it is important to clarify the mechanism of CD47 signaling in order to develop treatments for diseases involving CD47-overexpressing cancer cells, including breast cancer and lymphoma. Here, we show that CD47 plays an essential role in T-cell lymphoma metastasis by up-regulating basal RhoA activity independent of its anti-phagocytic function. CD47 interacts with AKAP13, a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), and facilitates AKAP13-mediated RhoA activation. Our study shows that CD47 has a novel function on the AKAP13-RhoA axis and suggests that CD47-AKAP13 interaction would be a novel target for T-cell lymphoma treatment.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ancoragem à Quinase A/metabolismo , Antígeno CD47/metabolismo , Linfoma de Células T/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/metabolismo , Metástase Neoplásica/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteína rhoA de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Adesão Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/metabolismo , Humanos , Linfoma de Células T/patologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Fagocitose , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway regulates early follicular activation and follicular pool maintenance in female germline cells. Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) regulates folliculogenesis and it is variably expressed in patients with Premature Ovary Insufficiency. FMR1 expression is supposed to be linked to AKT/mTOR signaling in an ovarian response dependent manner as demonstrated in recent in vitro and in vivo studies in the female germline in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: We evaluated changes in the expression of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway genes by real time PCR in the peripheral blood of 74 patients with Premature Ovarian Insufficiency and 56 fertile controls and correlated their expression with FMR1 expression. RESULTS: Expression of the genes AKT1, TSC2, mTOR, and S6K was significantly more abundant in patients with POI than in the controls. For AKT1, TSC2 and mTOR, gene expression was not affected by FMR1-CGG repeat number in the 5´-untranslated region. FMR1 and S6K expression levels, however, were significantly upregulated in patients with POI and an FMR1 premutation. Independent of a premutation, expression of mTOR, S6K, and TSC2 was significantly correlated with that of FMR1 in all patients. Furthermore, when grouped according to ovarian reserve, this effect remained significant only for mTOR and S6K, with higher significance note in patients with Premature Ovarian Insufficiency than in the controls. CONCLUSIONS: In Premature ovarian insufficiency patients, activation of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is remarkable and putatively pathognomonic. Additionally, it seems to be triggered by an FMR1/mTOR/S6K linkage mechanism, most relevant in premutation carriers.
Assuntos
Proteína do X Frágil da Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Insuficiência Ovariana Primária , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Proteína do X Frágil da Deficiência Intelectual/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Reserva Ovariana/genética , Insuficiência Ovariana Primária/sangue , Insuficiência Ovariana Primária/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/sangue , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/sangue , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role on no shivering thermogenesis during cold exposure to maintain animal body temperature and energy homeostasis. However, knowledge of the cellular transition from white adipose tissue (WAT) to BAT is still limited. In this study, we provided a comprehensive metabolomics and transcriptional signatures of goat BAT and WAT. A total of 157 metabolites were significantly changed, including 81 upregulated and 76 downregulated metabolites. In addition, we identified the citric acid cycle, fatty acid elongation, and degradation pathways as coordinately activated in BAT. Interestingly, five unsaturated fatty acids (Eicosadienoic Acid, C20:2; γ-Linolenic acid, C20:3; Arachidonic Acid, C20:4; Adrenic acid, C22:4; Docosahexaenoic acid, C22:6), Succinate, L-carnitine, and L-palmitoyl-carnitine were found to be abundant in BAT. Furthermore, L-carnitine, an intermediate of fatty acid degradation, is required for goat brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis through activating AMPK pathway. However, L-carnitine decreased lipid accumulation through inducing lipolysis and thermogenesis in white adipocytes. These results revealed that there are the significant alterations in transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles between goat WAT and BAT, which may contribute to better understanding the roles of metabolites in BAT thermogenesis process.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo Marrom/metabolismo , Cabras/metabolismo , Termogênese/fisiologia , Adipogenia/fisiologia , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Regulação para Baixo/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Homeostase/fisiologia , Lipólise/fisiologia , Metabolômica/métodos , RNA-Seq/métodos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
Serine protease inhibitor-E2 (SERPINE2) is highly expressed in the granulosa cells of growing follicles and the dynamic changes in SERPINE2 expression are correlated with follicular development and ovulation in several mammals, including mice, cattle, sheep, and humans. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their functional receptors are extensively expressed in the ovary and play critical roles in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis and luteal function. To date, whether BMPs regulate the expression of SERPINE2 during human follicular development remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of BMPs on the regulation of SERPINE2 expression (a major regulator of plasminogen activators [PA]) and the underlying mechanisms using primary and immortalized human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells. Our results demonstrated that these BMPs (BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP7, and BMP15) induced differential upregulation of SERPINE2 expression. In this regard, BMP2 is the major modulator that has the best cellular activity, which further decreased the production of urokinase PA and tissue PA in hGL cells. In addition to canonical SMAD1/5/8 signaling, BMP2 also activates noncanonical SMAD2/3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Using two inhibition approaches (kinase receptor inhibitors and siRNA-mediated knockdown), we found that SMAD2/3-SMAD4 and p38 MAPK, but not SMAD1/5/8 signaling, was involved in the BMP2-induced upregulation of SERPINE2 expression via activin receptor-like kinase 3. These findings deepen our understanding of the differential effect of BMPs in regulating follicular function and provide new insights of the molecular mechanisms by which BMP2 regulates the expression of SERPINE2 in human granulosa cells.
Assuntos
Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 2/metabolismo , Células da Granulosa/metabolismo , Células Lúteas/metabolismo , Serpina E2/metabolismo , Proteína Smad2/metabolismo , Proteína Smad3/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima/fisiologia , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Humanos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
Neuroinflammation is recognized as a hallmark of spinal cord injury (SCI). Although neuroinflammation is an important pathogenic factor that leads to secondary injuries after SCI, neuroprotective anti-inflammatory treatments remain ineffective in the management of SCI. Moreover, the molecular signatures involved in the pathophysiological changes that occur during the course of SCI remain ambiguous. The current study investigated the proteins and pathways involved in C5 spinal cord hemi-contusion injury using a rat model by means of 4-D label-free proteomic analysis. Furthermore, two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) transcriptomic datasets, Western blot assays, and immunofluorescent staining were used to validate the expression levels and localization of dysregulated proteins. The present study observed that the rat models of SCI were associated with the enrichment of proteins related to the complement and coagulation cascades, cholesterol metabolism, and lysosome pathway throughout the acute and subacute phases of injury. Intriguingly, the current study also observed that 75 genes were significantly altered in both the GEO datasets, including ANXA1, C1QC, CTSZ, GM2A, GPNMB, and PYCARD. Further temporal clustering analysis revealed that the continuously upregulated protein cluster was associated with immune response, lipid regulation, lysosome pathway, and myeloid cells. Additionally, five proteins were further validated by means of Western blot assays and the immunofluorescent staining showed that these proteins coexisted with the F4/80+ reactive microglia and infiltrating macrophages. In conclusion, the proteomic data pertaining to the current study indicate the notable proteins and pathways that may be novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of SCI.
Assuntos
Contusões/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Animais , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Imunidade/fisiologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Microglia/metabolismo , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
Renal fibrosis leads to chronic kidney disease, which affects over 15% of the U.S. population. PAI-1 is highly upregulated in the tubulointerstitial compartment in several common nephropathies and PAI-1 global ablation affords protection from fibrogenesis in mice. The precise contribution of renal tubular PAI-1 induction to disease progression, however, is unknown and surprisingly, appears to be independent of uPA inhibition. Human renal epithelial (HK-2) cells engineered to stably overexpress PAI-1 underwent dedifferentiation (E-cadherin loss, gain of vimentin), G2/M growth arrest (increased p-Histone3, p21), and robust induction of fibronectin, collagen-1, and CCN2. These cells are also susceptible to apoptosis (elevated cleaved caspase-3, annexin-V positivity) compared to vector controls, demonstrating a previously unknown role for PAI-1 in tubular dysfunction. Persistent PAI-1 expression results in a loss of klotho expression, p53 upregulation, and increases in TGF-ßRI/II levels and SMAD3 phosphorylation. Ectopic restoration of klotho in PAI-1-transductants attenuated fibrogenesis and reversed the proliferative defects, implicating PAI-1 in klotho loss in renal disease. Genetic suppression of p53 reversed the PA1-1-driven maladaptive repair, moreover, confirming a pathogenic role for p53 upregulation in this context and uncovering a novel role for PAI-1 in promoting renal p53 signaling. TGF-ßRI inhibition also attenuated PAI-1-initiated epithelial dysfunction, independent of TGF-ß1 ligand synthesis. Thus, PAI-1 promotes tubular dysfunction via klotho reduction, p53 upregulation, and activation of the TGF-ßRI-SMAD3 axis. Since klotho is an upstream regulator of both PAI-1-mediated p53 induction and SMAD3 signaling, targeting tubular PAI-1 expression may provide a novel, multi-level approach to the therapy of CKD.
Assuntos
Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Glucuronidase/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/metabolismo , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibrose/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Humanos , Proteínas Klotho , Fosforilação/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína Smad3/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
This study aimed toengineer a pancreatic tissue. Intact rat pancreases were successfully decellularized, and were reseeded with human-induced pluripotent stem cells using different 2D and 3D culture growth factors. The differentiation process was assessed for the presence of a pancreas-like tissue. The histology and SEM analysis revealed cell attachment in all samples, except for the Exp4, and the Flow-cytometry provided 87% viability for the differentiated cells. In Exp1, PDX1 with the positive expression of 2.87±0.06 was dramatically higher than Exp2 with a 2.44±0.06 reaction. NGN3-reactions were 8±0.1 and 6.6±0.2 in Exp1 and Exp2 at P < 0.05, respectively. C-peptide with the expression of 7.5±0.7 in Exp3 was almost equal to that in Exp1 and Exp2. Glucagon (5.1±1) and PDX1 (3.2±0.82) in Exp3 indicated no significant difference. The significant upregulations of pancreatic endocrine markers (PDX1 and NGN3), and the cell-specific glucose transporter (GLUT2) were observed in the differentiated IPCs in the 3D culture of Exp2 after 21 days. The highest insulin and C-peptide concentrations were observed in Exp2. In Exp3, insulin secretion in response to high glucose and 10 mM arginine was 42.43 ±6.34 µU/ml. A decellularized pancreas in the presence of hiPSCs and growth factors could be efficiently used as a natural scaffold.