Absceso hepático piógeno: presentación clínica y predictores de evolución desfavorable / Pyogenic liver abscess: clinical presentation and predictors of unfavorable outcome

RESUMEN

Objetivos Describir clínicamente el absceso hepático piógeno (AHP) e identificar factores asociados a evolución desfavorable. Material y métodos Revisión retrospectiva de historias de pacientes con absceso hepático (1996-2009), incluyendo los que cumplían criterios diagnósticos de AHP. Se clasificaron en evolución favorable y desfavorable (sepsis grave, complicaciones infecciosas a distancia, complicación local, ingreso en cuidados intensivos, ingreso > 30 días, fallecimiento, reingreso).Resultados Se incluyen 54 AHP, 65% hombres, edad media 61 años. Factores predisponentes: enfermedad biliopancreática, 33%; ingreso reciente, 20%; enolismo, 15%; diabetes mellitus, 15%; antecedente de neoplasia digestiva, 11%, y de cirugía abdominal, 11%. Origen: criptogénico, 65%; biliar, 31%; portal, 4%. Sintomatología: fiebre, 100%; dolor abdominal, 65%; vómitos, 37%; hepatomegalia, 33%; síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, 26%; ictericia, 9%. Hemocultivos positivos, 40%, y cultivo de pus, 65%. Escherichia coli y Streptococcus spp. fueron los aislamientos más frecuentes. Se efectuó drenaje percutáneo en el 72% (el 6% también quirúrgico), y recibieron solo antibioterapia el 28%. Evolución desfavorable 52%, asociada a mayor edad (p=0,016), antecedentes de enfermedad biliopancreática (p=0,007), síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica al diagnóstico (p=0,005), alteración de la coagulación (p=0,043), elevación de AST (p=0,033) y etiología biliar (p<0,001). Conclusiones El AHP se desarrolla en pacientes con comorbilidad, si bien más frecuentemente son criptogénicos. La mayoría curan con antibioterapia y drenaje percutáneo, sin cirugía. La mortalidad es del 9%, pero la mitad sigue una evolución desfavorable, que se asocia a la etiología biliar y a determinadas alteraciones analíticas (AU)

ABSTRACT

Objectives To describe the clinical features of pyogenic liver abscesses (PLA) and identify the factors associated with an unfavorable outcome. Material and methods We performed a retrospective review of the clinical histories of patients with liver abscess (1996-2009), including those that met the diagnostic criteria for PLA. Outcome was classified as favorable or unfavorable (severe sepsis, distant infectious complications, local complications, intensive care unit admission, admission for>30 days, death, readmission).Results There were 54 patients with PLA (65% men), with a mean age of 61 years. Predisposing factors consisted of biliopancreatic disease in 33%, recent admission in 20%, alcoholism in 15%, diabetes mellitus in 15%, a history of gastrointestinal neoplasm in 11% and abdominal surgery in 11%. The cause was cryptogenic in 65%, biliary in 31%, and portal in 4%. Symptoms consisted of fever in 100%, abdominal pain in 65%, vomiting in 37%, enlarged liver in 33%, systemic inflammatory response syndrome in 26%, and jaundice in 9%. Blood and pus cultures were positive in 40% and 65%, respectively. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were E. coli and Streptococcus spp. Percutaneous drainage was performed in 72% (surgical drainage was also performed in 6%), and antibiotic treatment alone was administered in 28%. Outcome was unfavorable in 52% and was associated with greater age (p=0.016), a history of biliopancreatic disease (p=0.007), systemic inflammatory response syndrome at diagnosis (p=0.005), coagulation alterations (p=0.043), aspartate aminotransferase elevation (p=0.033), and biliary etiology (p<0.001).Conclusions PLA developed in patients with comorbidity, although most were cryptogenic. The majority of PLA were resolved with antibiotic therapy and percutaneous drainage, without surgery. Mortality was 9%, but half the patients had unfavorable outcome, associated with biliary etiology and some laboratory alterations (AU)