The effects of diallyl sulfide upon Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide stimulated proinflammatory cytokine expressions and nuclear factor-kappa B activation in human gingival fibroblasts.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Diallyl sulfide (DAS), a flavor compound from garlic, has varied potential therapeutic activities. Periodontitis is a disease that develops because of host-mediated inflammation to periodontal pathogens. In this study, the effects of DAS on the common proinflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) being stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis, a potent periodontal pathogen, were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cytotoxicities of DAS and lipopolysaccharide on HGFs were measured with MTS assay. The mRNA and protein expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, from the HGFs treated with lipopolysaccharide with and without DAS were examined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, respectively. In addition, the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB with and without DAS were compared. RESULTS: DAS and lipopolysaccharide treatments within 3 mm and 10 µg/mL, respectively, did not affect the survival rate of HGFs. Lipopolysaccharide (1 µg/mL) significantly increased the mRNA expressions of IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α; however, DAS (1 mm) inhibited these expressions. The protein expressions of TNF-α, IL-1ß, as well as the NF-κB nuclear translocation were increased after lipopolysaccharide treatment, but decreased when there was a DAS pretreatment. CONCLUSION: DAS diminished P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine expression and NF-κB activation in HGFs; we therefore suggest DAS may be beneficial on periodontal inflammation.