Geographic and socioeconomic variation of sodium and potassium intake in Italy: results from the MINISAL-GIRCSI programme.
BMJ Open
; 5(9): e007467, 2015 Sep 10.
Article
en En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-26359282
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES:
To assess geographic and socioeconomic gradients in sodium and potassium intake in Italy.SETTING:
Cross-sectional survey in Italy.PARTICIPANTS:
3857 men and women, aged 39-79â years, randomly sampled in 20 regions (as part of a National cardiovascular survey of 8714 men and women). PRIMARY OUTCOMEMEASURES:
Participants' dietary sodium and potassium intakes were measured by 24â h urinary sodium and potassium excretions. 2 indicators measured socioeconomic status education and occupation. Bayesian geoadditive models were used to assess spatial and socioeconomic patterns of sodium and potassium intakes accounting for sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioural confounders.RESULTS:
There was a significant north-south pattern of sodium excretion in Italy. Participants living in southern Italy (eg, Calabria, Basilicata and Puglia >180â mmol/24â h) had a significantly higher sodium excretion than elsewhere (eg, Val d'Aosta and Trentino-Alto Adige <140â mmol/24â h; p<0.001). There was a linear association between occupation and sodium excretion (p<0.001). When compared with occupation I (top managerial), occupations III and IV had a 6.5% higher sodium excretion (coefficients 0.054 (90% credible levels 0.014, 0.093) and 0.064 (0.024, 0.104), respectively). A similar relationship was found between educational attainment and sodium excretion (p<0.0001). When compared with those with a university degree, participants with primary and junior school education had a 5.9% higher urinary sodium (coefficients 0.074 (0.031, 0.116) and 0.038 (0.001, 0.075), respectively). The socioeconomic gradient explained the spatial variation. Potassium excretion was higher in central regions and in some southern regions. Those in occupation V (low-skill workers) showed a 3% lower potassium excretion compared with those in occupation I. However, the socioeconomic gradient only partially explained the spatial variation.CONCLUSIONS:
Salt intake in Italy is significantly higher in less advantaged social groups. This gradient is independent of confounders and explains the geographical variation.Palabras clave
Texto completo:
1
Banco de datos:
MEDLINE
Asunto principal:
Conducta Alimentaria
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Hipertensión
Tipo de estudio:
Etiology_studies
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Observational_studies
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Prevalence_studies
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Prognostic_studies
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Risk_factors_studies
Límite:
Adult
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Aged
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Female
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Humans
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Male
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Middle aged
País como asunto:
Europa
Idioma:
En
Año:
2015
Tipo del documento:
Article