A 100-Year Review: Historical development of female reproductive physiology in dairy cattle.

The objective of this historical review in female reproductive physiology is to encapsulate major advancements since the founding of the American Dairy Science Association in 1906. The emphasis is on landmark publications in the Journal of Dairy Science since its first volume in 1917. A historical perspective and inferences are made in forecasting evolution of female reproduction and links between physiology of reproduction and the mammary gland. Subsequent sections are focused into main physiological categories and the temporal advancements within these physiological windows. Time points of understanding vary considerably within categories due to various advancements in technology, biological techniques, experimental design, data collection, statistical analyses, and computational forecasting. The physiological windows examined are hypothalamic and pituitary control of the ovary related to estrous behavior and cycle; differential control of the corpus luteum and uterus as influenced by cycling and pregnancy statuses; peripartum and postpartum programing of reproduction; and scientific foundation for the next century. The importance of interdisciplinary programs and integration of reproduction, nutrition/metabolism, genetics, health, and management are emphasized. The modern dairy cow of 2017 exemplifies excellence in both reproductive and lactational performance and is the foundation biological model for the next century.