Trends in Glycolipid Biomarker Discovery in Neurodegenerative Disorders by Mass Spectrometry.

ABSTRACT

Considering the devastating effects of neurodegenerative disorders and the increasing number of people affected by them, an early diagnosis even presymptomatic, prior to serious mental deterioration is necessary. Therefore, screening for biomarkers, especially glycolipids, in the biological matrices, either tissues or body fluids has proven to be of a great help in establishing an early diagnosis of the disease.The present chapter, divided into three parts, highlights the implementation and modern applications of the most avant-garde mass spectrometry (MS) techniques characterized by speed, sensitivity and data accuracy for de novo identification and monitoring of glycolipids with potential biomarker role. The first section reviews the etiology, epidemiology, clinical picture, as well as the current diagnostic methods for four of the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia and fronto-temporal dementia. The second section is dedicated to the role of glycolipids as biomarkers of these severe conditions. In the last part of the chapter, the state of the art in terms of mass spectrometry techniques for the detection of extremely valuable glycolipid biomarkers is described in detail. The proficiency of the MS, to be considered as and further developed into a routine method for early detection of neurodegenerative disorders, is also emphasized in the chapter.