An insight into the current oil spills and on-site bioremediation approaches to contaminated sites in Nigeria.

Land oil spills in Nigeria have a long history of contaminating the soil, groundwater, vegetation, and streams with spill extension being the primary of numerous ordeals. These have left the host communities of oil fields and pipelines in crucial need of soil rehabilitation. Thus, this review provides insights into the current state of land oil spills and the effectiveness of on-site remediation approaches across communities. A total of 44 incidents of land oil spills of ≥ 500 bbl, amounting to 53,631 bbl between 2011 and 2019, was recorded by the Shell Petroleum Development Company, which primarily attributed to 83% of the total sabotage. Over 73% of the 53,631 bbl spills were unrecovered from the spill areas, which had deleterious impacts on farmlands, fishponds, rivers, and residential areas. Remediation by enhanced natural attenuation (RENA) is a feasible technique for restoring petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated sites, but it might be ineffective when limited to tiling, windrows, and fertilizer applications due to the presence of non-biodegradable residues and contaminants beyond the aeration depth. However, bioremediation techniques ranging from non-supplemented in-situ and fertilizer supplemented in-situ to mixed in-situ and ex-situ bio-cells supplemented RENA are feasible approaches for spill sites. However, challenging limitations with regard to RENA application failures in the region include delayed responses to spill emergency, large amounts of un-recovered spilled oil, and un-implemented legislative guidelines for spill cleanup. Nevertheless, the temperature, moisture, nutrient, oxygen, and pH of the soil are essential parameters to be considered when implementing a landfarming remediation approach.