Improved method for surgical induction of chronic hypertension in mice.

Chronic hypertension can be induced in mice by one-kidney one-clip (1K1C) or two-kidney one-clip surgery, transgenic overexpression of angiotensinogen and renin, administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt, supplying Nitro-L-arginine methyl-ester in the drinking water and Angiotensin-II infusion. Although each model has its own pros and cons, selection of a model that mimics human hypertensive disease accurately is essential to ensure rigor and reproducibility in hypertension research. 1K1C mice represent an efficient, budget-friendly, and translationally capable model; however, their use in preclinical research has remained largely hindered due to concerns about potential technical complexity and lack of reported information regarding procedure-related mortality rates. Here, we describe in detail an improved version of the 1K1C surgery in mice that has zero intraoperative mortality and excellent survival rates in a long-term setting and permits the development of stable chronic hypertension and its target organ complications. Key to this outcome is unilateral nephrectomy 1 week after renal artery clipping to decelerate the blood pressure (BP) increase, which allows the organism to adapt better to the BP rise. The technical and animal welfare improvements presented here may promote the acceptance of the 1K1C model.