Factors Affecting Adherence, Intake, and Perceived Palatability of Oral Nutritional Supplements: A Literature Review.

Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are a clinically effective and relatively inexpensive way to supplement the diet of patients with, or at risk of, undernutrition. Good adherence is a primary determinant of the effectiveness of ONS. However adherence can be problematic for those with the greatest clinical need, such as undernourished older adults. This review aimed to appraise the available literature for the factors (contextual, personal and product related) affecting patient adherence and perceived palatability of ONS, identify areas requiring improvement and uncover gaps in the evidence to guide the focus of future research. Contextual factors identified were healthcare staff and the timing of administration. Personal factors included sensory changes and motivation which alter experience of and desire to consume ONS. The product's sensory characteristics determined palatability and intake, but undesirable attributes, such as off-flavours, can stem from nutritional ingredients. The contribution made by aroma to older adults' experience of ONS was a comparatively under-researched area. Further research should address this evidence gap to optimise the flavour, aroma profile and palatability for undernourished older consumers, thereby optimising intake. A combined multidisciplinary effort involving strategic expansion of research, industry development and clinical practice should simultaneously address the factors identified, to provide the best approach to improve adherence.