Kinetics, mechanism, and application of sodium persulfate activated by sodium hydroxide for removing 1,2-dichloroethane from groundwater.

ABSTRACT

1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) is a common compound found in groundwater contaminated with organics. This compound is difficult to remove from groundwater and has the potential to inflict significant harm on human health and the environment. This study used sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) activated by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove 1,2-DCA from aqueous solutions. Density functional theory was employed to calculate the potential energy surface of the reactants, intermediates, transient states, and products to thoroughly analyze the degradation pathways. The computations were performed in combination with in situ remediation of a 1,2-DCA plume from a point source to verify the industrial applicability of the technology. The results showed the 1,2-DCA removal efficiency was impacted considerably by the Na2S2O8 dosage and the dosing sequence of Na2S2O8 and NaOH, with the mean removal ratio reaching 96.24%. A free radical reaction was the main pathway of 1,2-DCA degradation; superoxide radical (O2•-) existed stably and played a key role in the reaction, and the main transformation proceeded via a vinyl chloride intermediate. The maximum removal of 1,2-DCA reached 91.79% in the in situ remediation. The developed technology exhibits important advantages in enabling flexible control over chemical dosages, long durations of effective activity, and rapid full-cycle remediation.