Ningetinib, a novel FLT3 inhibitor, overcomes secondary drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) is a common mutation type in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is usually associated with poor patient prognosis. With advancements in molecular diagnostics and the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), the overall survival (OS) of AML patients with FLT3-ITD mutations has been prolonged to some extent, but relapse and drug resistance are still substantial challenges. Ningetinib is a novel TKI against various kinases in relation to tumour pathogenesis and is undergoing clinical trials of lung cancer. In this study, we explored the antitumor activity of ningetinib against AML with FLT3 mutations both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Cell proliferation assays were performed in AML cell lines and Ba/F3 cells expressing various FLT3 mutations to validate the antileukemic activity of ningetinib in vitro. Immunoblot assays were used to verify the effect of ningetinib on the FLT3 protein and downstream pathways. Molecular docking and CETSA were used to validate the interaction of ningetinib with target proteins. The survival benefit of ningetinib in vivo was assessed in Ba/F3-FLT3-ITD-, MOLM13, Ba/F3-FLT3-ITD-F691L-, MOLM13-FLT3-ITD-F691L-induced leukemia mouse models. We also used patient-derived primary cells to determine the efficacy of ningetinib. RESULTS: Ningetinib inhibited cell proliferation, blocked the cell cycle, induced apoptosis and bound FLT3 to inhibit its downstream signaling pathways, including the STAT5, AKT and ERK pathways, in FLT3-ITD AML cell lines. In the mouse models with FLT3-ITD and FLT3-ITD-F691L mutation, ningetinib showed superior anti-leukemia activity to existing clinical drugs gilteritinib and quizartinib, significantly prolongating the survival of mice. In addition, ningetinib exhibited activity against patient-derived primary cells harboring FLT3-ITD mutations. CONCLUSION: Overall, our study confirmed the therapeutic role of ningetinib in AML with FLT3-ITD mutations, providing a potential new option for clinically resistant patients.