Synthesis of 2-aminothiazole sulfonamides as potent biological agents: Synthesis, structural investigations and docking studies.

ABSTRACT

A simplified synthetic approach involving sulfonylation followed by amino group alkylation produced new 2-aminothiazole derivatives. UV/Vis, infrared, and NMR spectroscopies confirmed their structures. Compounds 36, 22, 34, and 35 showed strong inhibition against Jack bean and Bacillus Pasteurii urease, with IC50 values from 14.06 to 20.21 µM/mL. Compounds 20, 26, 21, 29, 30, 31, and 32 exhibited potent inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with IC50 values between 20.34 and 37.20 µM/mL. Compounds 33, 26, and 27 demonstrated potent DPPH scavenging, with IC50 values around 34.4-39.2 µM/mL. FMO analysis showed compounds 21, 22, 24, and 25 having parallel aromatic ring systems due to π cloud interactions, while compounds 32 and 38 had distinct electronic density distributions. Compound 22 had HOMO and LUMO energy gaps of 5.805 eV, with bromo and fluoro substitutions in compounds 21 and 24 slightly increasing the gaps to 6.089 eV and 6.078 eV, respectively. Nitro groups in compounds 25 and 32 reduced the gaps to 0.384 eV and 1.187 eV. All compounds demonstrated high gastrointestinal absorption, non-permeability to the blood-brain barrier, and optimal skin permeation (Log Kp between -5.83 and -6.54 cm/s). Compounds 22, 24, and 38 had promising QED scores of 0.719, 0.707, and 0.860, respectively, with synthetic accessibility scores from 2.057 to 2.517. ADMET predictions indicated minimal toxicity, cardiovascular safety, and significant inhibitory potential for CYP enzymes. Strong in silico binding affinities (binding energies -5.75 to -7.63 kcal/mol) and metabolic stability suggest these derivatives are promising candidates for further drug development.