[Genetics and language in Williams-Beuren Syndrome: a distinct neurobehavioral disorder]. / Genética e linguagem na síndrome de Williams-Beuren: uma condição neuro-cognitiva peculiar.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: genetic, cognitive and language aspects of the Williams-Beuren Syndorme (WBS). AIM: to present a review of the literature about WBS, highlighting its genetic, cognitive and language characteristics. CONCLUSION: the literature indicates that although the etiology of WBS is known, early diagnosis is difficult due to the great variability of its clinical characteristics. This great phenotypic variability has been associated to a deletion of several genes in region 7q 11.23 which includes the elastin gene. The deletion of this gene is identified by the Fluorecent in situ Hibridization test (FISH). The incidence of this syndrome is 1 in every 20,000 birth and is the result of a "de novo" genetic alteration. The syndrome is characterized by an elfin type face, cardiac alterations, cognitive deficits and behavioral aspects that include language. A peculiar cognitive profile has often been described as consisting of outstanding social and verbal skills associated to visuo-spatial impairments. Cognitive deficits are variable and may not be present. Studies that describe language abilities indicate that syntax might be intact or partially intact; speech can be precise and intelligible indicating that the phonological system is preserved. The receptive vocabulary is mentioned in a few studies as being adequate and in others as being impaired according to mental age. Researches have produced incongruent findings regarding the cognitive and linguistic abilities. The correlation between the language and cognitive abilities and the divergent findings presented in the literature will be discussed in this article.