Role of drug efflux and uptake transporters in atazanavir intestinal permeability and drug-drug interactions.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of membrane-associated drug transporters in regulating the intestinal absorption of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor, atazanavir, and assess the potential contribution of these transporters in clinical interactions of atazanavir with other protease inhibitors and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). METHODS: Intestinal permeability of atazanavir was investigated in vitro, using the Caco-2 cell line system grown on Transwell inserts, and in situ, by single-pass perfusion of rat intestinal segments, jejunum and ileum, in the absence or presence of standard transporter inhibitors or antiretroviral drugs. RESULTS: Atazanavir accumulation by Caco-2 cells was susceptible to inhibition by P-glycoprotein and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) family inhibitors and several antiretroviral drugs (protease inhibitors, TDF). The secretory flux of atazanavir (basolateral-to-apical Papp) was 11.7-fold higher than its absorptive flux. This efflux ratio was reduced to 1.5-1.7 in the presence of P-glycoprotein inhibitors or ritonavir. P-glycoprotein inhibition also resulted in 1.5-2.5-fold increase in atazanavir absorption in situ. Co-administration of TDF, however, reduced atazanavir intestinal permeability by 13-49%, similar to the effect observed clinically. CONCLUSIONS: Drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein and OATPs regulate intestinal permeability of atazanavir and may contribute to its poor oral bioavailability and drug-drug interactions with other protease inhibitors and TDF.