A phased cluster-randomized trial of rural hospitals testing a quality collaborative to improve heart failure care: organizational context matters.

BACKGROUND: Use of evidence-based practices for heart failure (HF) patients has the potential to improve outcomes and reduce variations in care delivery. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of a rural hospital quality collaborative and organizational context (nurse staffing and practice environment) on 4 HF core measures. RESEARCH DESIGN: Phased cluster-randomized trial with delayed intervention control group. The intervention included a HF toolkit, 2 onsite meetings, and a monthly phone call. SUBJECTS: Twenty-three rural eastern US hospitals, registered nurses who care for HF patients (N=591). MEASURES: Seven quarters of 4 HF core measures, nurse staffing (nursing skill mix, registered nurse hours per patient day, nurse-turnover), and a survey of practice environment. RESULTS: : Using regression models with generalized estimating equation autoregressive methods, no statistically significant changes were found during the intervention period on all 4 core measures for either group. Higher nurse-turnover was related to all 4 core measures: lower compliance with discharge instructions [ß=-1.042; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.777, -0.307], smoking cessation (ß=-1.148; 95% CI: -2.180, -0.117), left ventricular ejection fraction (ß=-0.893; 95% CI: -1.784, -0.002), and prescribing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on discharge (ß=-1.044; 95% CI: -1.820, -0.269). Better practice environment was related to higher left ventricular ejection fraction (ß=0.217; 95% CI: 0.054, 0.379). CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvements in 4 core measures were realized in stable environments (less nurse-turnover). Assuring appropriate nurse staffing and stability is essential to increase organizational preparation for quality initiatives and adoption of best practices in HF care in rural hospitals.