Improved overall survival following tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer-the Holy Grail in cancer treatment?

Advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by a poor prognosis and few second- or third-line treatments. First-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition has paved the way for targeted therapies in lung cancer. Although these drugs result in excellent responses [and significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS)] in patients with activating EGFR mutations, none of these randomized studies has yet demonstrated a statistically significant improvement of overall survival (OS). PFS is often used as a predictor for improved OS since it is independent of subsequent treatment, but OS is acknowledged as the key clinical outcome in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. When effective treatment is given as post therapy, it will be difficult to distinguish the treatment effect of original and subsequent treatments because differences in OS are potentially confounded by crossover, and a relevant number of patients assigned to chemotherapy arms received tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as second- or third-line treatment after disease progression. The high proportion of crossover may extend the benefit associated with the administration of TKIs to patients assigned to the control arm, and its "salvage"-effect may compensate for the relevant differences in PFS of first-line treatment consistently demonstrated in all TKI trials. Results for the INFORM trial (maintenance therapy with gefitinib following platinum-based chemotherapy) provided evidence that maintenance therapy with gefitinib significantly improved PFS, with greatest benefit in patients harboring EGFR mutation. Despite a high crossover rate (53%) final OS results of this study have now demonstrated a significant survival benefit for the gefitinib-treated EGFR mutation-positive patients (46.9 vs. 21.0 months, P=0.036). This is the first randomized clinical trial that showed a significant and clinical meaningful OS benefit in EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC patients following maintenance therapy with gefitinib as compared to placebo. It remains to be seen whether further exploration of this treatment strategy will confirm these promising results.