The Alzheimer's Disease γ-Secretase Generates Higher 42:40 Ratios for ß-Amyloid Than for p3 Peptides.

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by intracerebral deposition of ß-amyloid (Aß). While Aß40 is the most abundant form, neurotoxicity is mainly mediated by Aß42. Sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by ß- and γ-secretases gives rise to full-length Aß (Aß1-x) and N-terminally truncated Aß' (Aß11-x) whereas cleavage by α- and γ-secretases leads to the shorter p3 peptides (Aß17-x). We uncovered significantly higher ratios of 42- versus 40-ending variants for Aß and Aß' than for p3 secreted by mouse neurons and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons or produced in a cell-free γ-secretase assay with recombinant APP-CTFs. The 4240 ratio was highest for Aß', followed by Aß and then p3. Mass spectrometry analysis of APP intracellular domains revealed differential processing of APP-C83, APP-C89, and APP-C99 by γ-secretase already at the ε-cleavage stage. This mechanistic insight could aid in developing substrate-targeted modulators of APP-C99 processing to specifically lower the Aß42Aß40 ratio without compromising γ-secretase function.