Endothelial dysfunction, endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability, tetrahydrobiopterin, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in cardiovascular disease. Where are we with therapy?

ABSTRACT

Homeostasis around vascular endothelium is a function of the equilibrium between the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and oxidizing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Within the vascular endothelium, NO enhances vasodilatation, reduces platelet aggression and adhesion (anti-thrombotic), prevents smooth muscle proliferation, inhibits adhesion of leukocytes and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines genes (anti-inflammatory), and counters the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. A shift in the equilibrium that favours NO deficiency and ROS formation leads to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. The synthesis of NO is catalysed by nitric oxide synthase and co-factored by tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). The focus of this review is on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), although we recognize that the other nitric oxide synthases may contribute as well. Levels of homocysteine and the active metabolite of folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), play a determining role in circulating levels of nitric oxide. We review endothelial nitric oxide bioavailabilty in relation to endothelial dysfunction as well as the therapeutic strategies involving the nitric oxide synthesis pathway. Although folate supplementation improves endothelial function, results from large clinical trials and meta-analyses on palpable clinical endpoints have been inconsistent. There are however, encouraging results from animal and clinical studies of supplementation with the co-factor for nitric oxide synthesis, BH4, though its tendency to be oxidized to dihydrobiopterin (BH2) remains problematic. Understanding how to maintain a high ratio of BH4 to BH2 appears to be the key that will likely unlock the therapeutic potential of nitric oxide synthesis pathway.