ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid; ALAD, 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase; ALAS, 5-aminolevulinate synthase; ALAS1; ARS, artesunate; ART, artemisinin; Antitumor; Artesunate; CCK-8, cell counting kit 8; CI, combination index; CMCNa, carboxymethyl cellulose; DHA, dihydroartemisinin; DMAB, (dimethylamino)benzaldehyde; FECH, ferrochelatase; GSDME, gasdermin E; HDAC inhibitor; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HDACi, HDAC inhibitor; HMBS, hydroxymethylbilane synthase; Heme; KD, knockdown; KO, knockout; LBH589, panobinostat; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PI, propidium iodide; PpIX, protoporphyrin IX; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SA, succinyl acetone; SAHA, vorinostat; WT, wild-type; sgRNA, single guide RNA