Vertical Graphenes Grown on a Flexible Graphite Paper as an All-Carbon Current Collector towards Stable Li Deposition.

Lithium (Li) metal has been regarded as one of the most promising anode materials to meet the urgent requirements for the next-generation high-energy density batteries. However, the practical use of lithium metal anode is hindered by the uncontrolled growth of Li dendrites, resulting in poor cycling stability and severe safety issues. Herein, vertical graphene (VG) film grown on graphite paper (GP) as an all-carbon current collector was utilized to regulate the uniform Li nucleation and suppress the growth of dendrites. The high surface area VG grown on GP not only reduces the local current density to the uniform electric field but also allows fast ion transport to homogenize the ion gradients, thus regulating the Li deposition to suppress the dendrite growth. The Li deposition can be further guided with the lithiation reaction between graphite paper and Li metal, which helps to increase lithiophilicity and reduce the Li nucleation barrier as well as the overpotential. As a result, the VG film-based anode demonstrates a stable cycling performance at a current density higher than 5 mA cm-2 in half cells and a small hysteresis of 50 mV at 1 mA cm-2 in symmetric cells. This work provides an efficient strategy for the rational design of highly stable Li metal anodes.