Robustness of Deep Learning Algorithm to Varying Imaging Conditions in Detecting Low Contrast Objects In Computed Tomography Phantom Images: in Comparison to 12 Radiologists.

The performance of deep learning algorithm (DLA) to that of radiologists was compared in detecting low contrast objects in CT phantom images under various imaging conditions. For training, 10,000 images were created using American College of Radiology CT phantom as the background. In half of the images, objects of 3-20 mm size and 5-30 HU contrast difference were generated in random locations. Binary responses were used as the ground truth. For testing, 640 images of Catphan® phantom were used, half of which had objects of either 5 or 9 mm size with 10 HU contrast difference. Twelve radiologists evaluated the presence of objects on a five-point scale. The performances of the DLA and radiologists were compared across different imaging conditions in terms of area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). Multi-reader multi-case AUC and Hanley and McNeil tests were used. We performed post-hoc analysis using bootstrapping and verified that the DLA is less affected by the changing imaging conditions. The AUC of DLA was consistently higher than those of the radiologists across different imaging conditions (p < 0.0001), and it was less affected by varying imaging conditions. The DLA outperformed the radiologists and showed more robust performance under varying imaging conditions.