Puerarin Attenuates Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Trigeminal Neuralgia and Inflammation in a Mouse Model via Sirt1-Mediated TGF-ß1/Smad3 Inhibition.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Puerarin, an active compound of radix puerariae, is a major compound used in Chinese herbal medicines and it has been well known for its pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti­inflammatory, neuroprotective and cardioprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of puerarin (Pue) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and the effects of this compound on Sirt1 activity and on the progression of CFA-induced TN. METHODS: Mice were injected with CFA on the unilateral face to induce TN. A cell model of inflammation-associated TN was established by interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß; 10 ng/mL) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 50 ng/mL) stimulation of neurons. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to analyze mRNA and protein expression levels in trigeminal ganglion and nerve cells. Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to determine nerve cell apoptosis following IL-1ß/TNF-α or Pue treatment. RESULTS: Pue is a conceivable Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) activator used for the prevention of trigeminal nerve injury that attenuates CFA-induced TN and inflammatory cytokine-evoked overactivation of neuronal inflammation and apoptosis. Treatment of mice with inflammatory cytokines induced upregulation of cleaved caspase-3 protein expression, which was neutralized by Pue supplementation. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments led to the conclusion that Pue modulated Sirt1 activation and repressed transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) protein expression and drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic homolog3 (Smad3) phosphorylation in order to exert neuroprotection. CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that Pue functioned as a potential Sirt1 activator to improve neuroinflammation-induced TN and neuronal apoptosis via the suppression of TGF-ß1/Smad3 activity. The pharmacological activity of Pue provides a new perspective for the effective prevention and treatment of TN.