Effect of sex chromosome number variation on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, executive function, and processing speed.
Dev Med Child Neurol
; 64(3): 331-339, 2022 03.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-34431088
AIM: To study sex differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, we explored whether X chromosome absence or excess is independently associated with deficits in attention and hyperactivity, executive function, and processing speed. METHOD: We assessed 116 children (ages 3y 10mo-11y 11mo, mean 8y 5mo, SD 1y 11mo) with a variable number of sex chromosomes: 36 females with Turner syndrome (45, X0), 20 males with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), 37 typically developing females (XX), and 23 typically developing males (XY). RESULTS: X chromosome absence was associated with increased attention problems, hyperactivity, and deficits in inhibitory control, compared with female children with XX (all p<0.003). Conversely, X chromosome excess was associated with weakness in working memory (p=0.018) and approached significance for attention problems (p=0.071) but not with hyperactivity, or weakness in inhibitory control relative to male children with XY. Using non-parametric effect size to quantify the clinical effect revealed that X chromosome absence affected attention, hyperactivity, executive function, and processing speed (all r>0.4), while X excess affected in-laboratory as well as parent-reported working memory (all r>0.4). INTERPRETATION: Our observations provide compelling evidence that the absence or excess of an X chromosome distinctly affects cognition and behaviors associated with ADHD.
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Base de dados:
MEDLINE
Assunto principal:
Desempenho Psicomotor
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Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade
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Caracteres Sexuais
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Cromossomos Humanos X
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Função Executiva
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Inibição Psicológica
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Memória de Curto Prazo
Tipo de estudo:
Diagnostic_studies
Limite:
Child
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Child, preschool
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Female
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Humans
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Male
Idioma:
En
Ano de publicação:
2022
Tipo de documento:
Article