Inverse Reinforcement Learning Intra-Operative Path Planning for Steerable Needle.

OBJECTIVE: This paper presentsa safe and effective keyhole neurosurgery intra-operative planning framework for flexible neurosurgical robots. The framework is intended to support neurosurgeons during the intra-operative procedure to react to a dynamic environment. METHODS: The proposed system integrates inverse reinforcement learning path planning algorithm combined with 1) a pre-operative path planning framework for fast and intuitive user interaction, 2) a realistic, time-bounded simulator based on Position-based Dynamics (PBD) simulation that mocks brain deformations due to catheter insertion and 3) a simulated robotic system. RESULTS: Simulation results performed on a human brain dataset show that the inverse reinforcement learning intra-operative planning method can guide a steerable needle with bounded curvature to a predefined target pose with an average targeting error of 1.34 ± 0.52 (25 th = 1.02, 75 th = 1.36) mm in position and 3.16 ± 1.06 (25 th = 2, 75 th = 4.94) degrees in orientation under a deformable simulated environment, with a re-planning time of 0.02 sec and a success rate of 100%. CONCLUSION: With this work, we demonstrate that the presented intra-operative steerable needle path planner is able to avoid anatomical obstacles while optimising surgical criteria. SIGNIFICANCE: The results demonstrate that the proposed method is fast and can securely steer flexible needles with high accuracy and robustness.