Thylakoid Membrane-Inspired Capsules with Fortified Cofactor Shuttling for Enzyme-Photocoupled Catalysis.

Enzyme-photocoupled catalytic systems (EPCSs), combining the natural enzyme with a library of semiconductor photocatalysts, may break the constraint of natural evolution, realizing sustainable solar-to-chemical conversion and non-natural reactivity of the enzyme. The overall efficiency of EPCSs strongly relies on the shuttling of energy-carrying molecules, e.g., NAD+/NADH cofactor, between active centers of enzyme and photocatalyst. However, few efforts have been devoted to NAD+/NADH shuttling. Herein, we propose a strategy of constructing a thylakoid membrane-inspired capsule (TMC) with fortified and tunable NAD+/NADH shuttling to boost the enzyme-photocoupled catalytic process. The apparent shuttling number (ASN) of NAD+/NADH for TMC could reach 17.1, ∼8 times as high as that of non-integrated EPCS. Accordingly, our TMC exhibits a turnover frequency (TOF) of 38 000 ± 365 h-1 with a solar-to-chemical efficiency (STC) of 0.69 ± 0.12%, ∼6 times higher than that of non-integrated EPCS.