Conjugation of triphenylantimony(V) with carvacrol against human breast cancer cells.

ABSTRACT

The organoantimony derivative of formula trans-O,O-[Ph3SbV(Carv)2] (TPAC) (CarvH = carvacrol) is obtained by the oxidation of triphenylstibine (Ph3SbIII) with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of carvacrol (CarvH). Physical methods such as X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD and PXRD), Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infra-red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DTG/DSC), confirm the retention of the formula of TPAC throughout the sample mass in solid state, while UV-Vis spectroscopy in the solution. TPAC is the first example of carvacrol (the main ingredient of oregano) covalently bonded to any metal ion. Only the trans-O,O-[Ph3Sb(Carv)2] isomer was isolated suggesting stereo-selectivity of the preparation route. TPAC inhibits in vitro both human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines MCF-7 (positive to hormones receptor (HR +)), MDA-MB-231 (negative to hormones receptor (HR-)) stronger than normal human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5). The MCF-7 cells morphology, DNA fragmentation, Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide (AO/EB) Staining, cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization tests suggest an apoptotic pathway for cell death, especially, through the mitochondrion damage. The binding type of TPAC toward the calf thymus CT-DNA was initially deduced ex vivo from the differentiation of the DNA solution viscosity. Fluorescence spectroscopy confirms the interaction mode suggested. Spectroscopic evidence (FTIR, UV-Vis) suggest that glutathione (GSH) (a tripeptide over-expressed in tumor cells) induces conversion of non-active pentavalent antimony, which is contained in TPAC, to active trivalent one, providing a new strategy for the development of targeted chemotherapeutics.